Anale Inkontinenz

Zusammenfassung Aufgrund der höheren Lebenserwartung und eines gesteigerten Anspruchs an die Lebensqualität unserer Patienten, auch im Alter, rückt die anale Inkontinenz immer mehr in den Fokus der behandelnden Ärzte. Aufgrund der Beschwerden setzten sich verschiedene Fakultäten, wie Gynäkologen, Urologen, Chirurgen und Dermatologen, mit diesem Problem auseinander. Die Ursachen sind multifokal. Es handelt sich mehr um ein heterogenes Symptombild als um eine klar definierte Erkrankung. Betroffen sind überwiegend Frauen (5 : 1), insbesondere nach multiplen, schwierigen, prolongierten Geburten mit schweren Kindern. Aber auch chirurgische und gynäkologische Eingriffe, jahrelanges falsches Stuhlverhalten und der normale Alterungsprozess tragen zur Entstehung und Verschlechterung der analen Inkontinenz bei. Ein therapeutischer Algorithmus hilft vom Einfachen zum Schweren hin zu behandeln. Zur Verbesserung der Situation sollte zunächst ein konservativer Therapieansatz gewählt werden. Zunächst sollte die Stuhlentleerung verbessert werden, um den Druck von dem eingeschränkt funktionsfähigen Verschlusssystem zu nehmen. Nachdem dieses erreicht ist, sollte versucht werden, mittels Beckenbodentraining und Biofeedbackübungen die Sensorik und Kontraktionsfähigkeit des Beckenbodens zu verbessern. Mit diesen einfachen Maßnahmen kann mehr als 80 % der Betroffenen geholfen werden. Die übrigen Patienten werden dann, wenn gewünscht, operativen Verfahren zugeführt. Es gilt hier zu entscheiden, ob eine Verbesserung oder Verstärkung des Schließmuskels im Vordergrund steht (Schließmuskelrekonstruktion/künstlicher Schließmuskel) oder eine neurogene Stimulation (SNS) zur Verbesserung des Halteapparates erfolgversprechender ist.

[1]  P. Clavé,et al.  Quality of Life Differences in Female and Male Patients with Fecal Incontinence , 2015, Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility.

[2]  N. Buchs,et al.  High-grade internal rectal prolapse: Does it explain so-called "idiopathic" faecal incontinence? , 2016, International journal of surgery.

[3]  R. Hompes,et al.  Trans-anal endoscopic microsurgery for internal rectal prolapse , 2015, Techniques in Coloproctology.

[4]  Steven R. Brown,et al.  Surgery for complete (full-thickness) rectal prolapse in adults. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[5]  F. Köckerling,et al.  Anal Sphincter Augmentation Using Biological Material , 2015, Front. Surg..

[6]  S. Rattan,et al.  Survey of anal sphincter dysfunction using anal manometry in patients with fecal incontinence: a possible guide to therapy , 2015, Annals of gastroenterology : quarterly publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology.

[7]  Ying Zhou,et al.  Challenges faced in the clinical application of artificial anal sphincters , 2015, Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B.

[8]  S. Wexner,et al.  A systematic review of the literature on the surgical management of recurrent rectal prolapse , 2015, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[9]  R. Fraser,et al.  Pudendal nerve injury in men with fecal incontinence after radiotherapy for prostate cancer , 2015, Acta oncologica.

[10]  C. Melchior,et al.  MRI defaecography in patients with faecal incontinence , 2015, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[11]  H. Richter,et al.  Impact of Fecal Incontinence and Its Treatment on Quality of Life in Women , 2015, Women's Health.

[12]  M. La Torre,et al.  Long-term evaluation of bulking agents for the treatment of fecal incontinence: clinical outcomes and ultrasound evidence , 2014, Techniques in Coloproctology.

[13]  S. Wexner,et al.  Current management of fecal incontinence: choosing amongst treatment options to optimize outcomes. , 2013, World journal of gastroenterology.

[14]  K. Dunbar,et al.  Biofeedback Therapy for Defecatory Dysfunction: “Real Life” Experience , 2011, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[15]  T. Rockwood,et al.  FLQAI – A Questionnaire on Quality of Life in Fecal Incontinence: German Translation and Validation of Rockwood et al.’s (2000) Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (FIQLS) , 2012, Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie.

[16]  M. Eberlin,et al.  A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Effects of the Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitor Racecadotril , 2012, Front. Pharmacol..

[17]  S. Glasgow,et al.  Long-Term Outcomes of Anal Sphincter Repair for Fecal Incontinence: A Systematic Review , 2012, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[18]  M. Deutekom,et al.  Plugs for containing faecal incontinence. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[19]  R. Thakar,et al.  Predicting anal sphincter defects: the value of clinical examination and manometry , 2012, International Urogynecology Journal.

[20]  Z. Hussain,et al.  Systematic review of perianal implants in the treatment of faecal incontinence , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[21]  K. Matzel Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: its role in the treatment algorithm , 2011, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[22]  I. König,et al.  Triple Target Treatment (3T) Is More Effective Than Biofeedback Alone for Anal Incontinence: The 3T-AI Study , 2010, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[23]  J. V. Roig Vila,et al.  Long‐term results of artificial bowel sphincter for the treatment of severe faecal incontinence. Are they what we hoped for? , 2009, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[24]  W. Whitehead,et al.  Fecal Incontinence in Women: Causes and Treatment , 2008, Women's health.

[25]  W. Whitehead,et al.  The role of biofeedback in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders , 2008, Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology &Hepatology.

[26]  J. Tjandra,et al.  Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Fecal Incontinence: External Anal Sphincter Defect vs. Intact Anal Sphincter , 2008, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[27]  R. Rogers,et al.  Pelvic floor symptom changes in pessary users. , 2007, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[28]  Jennifer Hill,et al.  Management of faecal incontinence in adults: summary of NICE guidance , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[29]  C. Bond,et al.  Anal Plugs for the Management of Fecal Incontinence in Children and Adults: A Randomized Control Trial , 2007, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[30]  M. Palmer,et al.  Incontinence-associated dermatitis: a consensus. , 2007, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[31]  G. Hosker,et al.  Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[32]  P. Colquhoun,et al.  Is the Quality of Life Better in Patients with Colostomy than Patients with Fecal Incontience? , 2006, World Journal of Surgery.

[33]  L. Hultén,et al.  Loperamide improves anal sphincter function and continence after restorative proctocolectomy , 1994, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[34]  D. Lubowski,et al.  Long‐term follow‐up of dynamic graciloplasty for faecal incontinence , 2004, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[35]  A. Lowry,et al.  Faecal incontinence in adults , 2004, The Lancet.

[36]  Satish S. C. Rao,et al.  Diagnosis and management of fecal incontinence. American College of Gastroenterology Practice Parameters Committee. , 2004, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[37]  S. Lindow,et al.  Anal Sphincter Injury, Fecal and Urinary Incontinence: A 34-Year Follow-Up After Forceps Delivery , 2003, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[38]  J. Tjandra,et al.  Direct Repair vs. Overlapping Sphincter Repair: A Randomized, Controlled Trial , 2003, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[39]  M. Brazzelli,et al.  Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults. , 2002, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[40]  Borut Marincek,et al.  Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor performed with patient sitting in an open-magnet unit versus with patient supine in a closed-magnet unit. , 2002, Radiology.

[41]  Michel Neunlist,et al.  Comparison of Quality of Life and Anorectal Function After Artificial Sphincter Implantation , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[42]  V. Schumpelick,et al.  Anal sphincter injury during vaginal delivery – an argument for cesarean section on request? , 2002, Journal of perinatal medicine.

[43]  S. Wexner,et al.  Complications of Dynamic Graciloplasty: Incidence, Management, and Impact on Outcome , 2001 .

[44]  K. Savik,et al.  Supplementation With Dietary Fiber Improves Fecal Incontinence , 2001, Nursing research.

[45]  S. Wexner,et al.  Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[46]  G. Lingman,et al.  The female pelvic floor: A dome‐not a basin , 1997, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[47]  S. Wexner,et al.  Physiological and clinical outcome of anterior sphincteroplasty , 1996, The British journal of surgery.

[48]  G. Stevenson,et al.  Defaecography: setting up a service. , 1989, British journal of hospital medicine.

[49]  I. Khubchandani,et al.  Rationale for medical or surgical therapy in anal incontinence , 1986, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[50]  W. Whitehead,et al.  Biofeedback Treatment of Fecal Incontinence in Geriatric Patients , 1985, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[51]  J. Macleod Biofeedback in the management of partial anal incontinence: A preliminary report , 1979, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[52]  S Salmons,et al.  The influence of activity on some contractile characteristics of mammalian fast and slow muscles , 1969, The Journal of physiology.