Students' Use of Asynchronous Voice Discussion in a Blended-Learning Environment: A Study of Two Undergraduate Classes.

Contemporary discussions of education in blended-learning environments increasingly emphasize the social nature of learning which emphasizes interactions among students, or among students and instructors. These interactions can occur asynchronously using a text based discussion forum. A text-based discussion forum, however, may not work well for all participants as some find it difficult to explain complex concepts in words, while others complain of being misunderstood due to the absence of verbal cues. In this study, we investigated the use of a Wimba Voice Board to support asynchronous voice discussion. A quasi-experiment research design involving two classes of undergraduate students was conducted. One of the classes (n = 24 students) used the Wimba Voice Board while the other (n = 18 students) used a text discussion forum in BlackBoard. The results of an independent t-test analysis suggested that there was no significant difference in the students’ degree of participation in the two classes, asynchronous voice discuss class (M = 2.92, SD = 1.586) and text discussion class (M = 2.78, SD = 1.353), (t = 0.299, df = 40, p = 0.767) at the 0.05 level of significance. However, the online discussion appeared to be more sustained in the asynchronous voice discussion group. Analyses of the students’ reflection data suggested that asynchronous voice discussion have several advantages over text forums. Specifically, an asynchronous voice discussion: enables students to understand one another’s messages better, allows students, who prefer speaking to writing, or students who are not proficient in written English, to participate in the discussion, promotes originality of students’ ideas, and helps to foster a sense of online community.

[1]  Stephen J. Payne,et al.  Animated Demonstrations for Exploratory Learners , 1992, Interact. Comput..

[2]  D. Tjosvold,et al.  Productive organizational collaboration: The role of values and cooperation , 1989 .

[3]  B. McCombs,et al.  The Learner-Centered Classroom and School: Strategies for Increasing Student Motivation and Achievement. The Jossey-Bass Education Series. , 1997 .

[4]  R. Fukkink,et al.  Video Feedback in Education and Training: Putting Learning in the Picture , 2011 .

[5]  Erman Yukselturk,et al.  An Investigation of Factors Affecting Student Participation Level in an Online Discussion Forum , 2010 .

[6]  Jason Martin,et al.  Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[7]  Susan M. Harrison.  A comparison of still, animated, or nonillustrated on-line help with written or spoken instructions in a graphical user interface , 1995, CHI '95.

[8]  Tracy Chao,et al.  A Case Study in Asynchronous Voice Conferencing for Language Instruction , 2003 .

[9]  M. Schreiner,et al.  We Have Met the Enemy and He Is Us , 2011 .

[10]  Aaron Zinman,et al.  RadioActive : enabling large-scale asynchronous audio discussions on mobile devices , 2006 .

[11]  Atul Garg,et al.  Paramedic laryngoscopy in the simulated difficult airway: comparison of the Venner A.P. Advance and GlideScope Ranger video laryngoscopes. , 2011, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[12]  Cliff Lampe,et al.  The Benefits of Facebook "Friends: " Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[13]  B. Williams.  Do Undergraduate Paramedic Students Embrace Case Based Learning Using a Blended Teaching Approach? A 3-Year Review. , 2009 .

[14]  B. Williams,et al.  Contemporary simulation education for undergraduate paramedic students , 2007, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[15]  Pruthikrai Mahatanankoon,et al.  On integrating web services from the ground up into CS1/CS2 , 2005, SIGCSE '05.

[16]  Ruth V. Small,et al.  Curiosity, interest and engagement in technology-pervasive learning environments: a new research agenda , 2011 .

[17]  Geoffrey Randall.  Principles of Marketing , 1993 .

[18]  Michael H. Kesner,et al.  Can Computer-Based Visual-Spatial Aids Lead to Increased Student Performance in Anatomy & Physiology? , 2005 .

[19]  P. Mathias,et al.  Preparation for Interprofessional Work: Trends in Education, Training and the Structure of Qualifications in the United Kingdom , 1997 .

[20]  N. Hara,et al.  Empirical study of motivators and barriers of teacher online knowledge sharing , 2007 .

[21]  Vania Dimitrova,et al.  Visualising student tracking data to support instructors in web-based distance education , 2004, WWW Alt. '04.

[22]  Jie-Chi Yang,et al.  A few design perspectives on one-on-one digital classroom environment , 2005, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[23]  Jonida Shtylla,et al.  Computer mediated communication , 2011 .

[24]  Robert C. Wicklein,et al.  Case Studies of Multidisciplinary Approaches to Integrating Mathematics, Science and TechnologyEducation , 1995 .

[25]  Carole A. Ames.  Motivation: What Teachers Need to Know , 1990, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[26]  Joel Geske,et al.  Overcoming the Drawbacks of the Large Lecture Class , 1992 .

[27]  Timothy A. Hays,et al.  Spatial Abilities and the Effects of Computer Animation on Short-Term and Long-Term Comprehension , 1996 .

[28]  Kathy Lynch,et al.  Learning Paramedic Science Skills from a First Person Point of View , 2012 .

[29]  Khe Foon Hew,et al.  Use of audio podcast in K-12 and higher education: a review of research topics and methodologies , 2009 .

[30]  Bo Zhou,et al.  Enhancing Blended Courses to Facilitate Student Achievement of Learning Outcomes , 2010, ICHL.

[31]  L. Schauble,et al.  Design Experiments in Educational Research , 2003 .

[32]  Winnie Lai,et al.  Sharing e-Learning Innovation across Disciplines: An Encounter between Engineering and Teacher Education , 2010 .

[33]  Robin Mason,et al.  The Educational Potential of e-Portfolios: Supporting Personal Development and Reflective Learning , 2007 .

[34]  J. Mok.  A case study of students' perceptions of peer assessment in Hong Kong , 2011 .

[35]  R. Jakobson.  On Language , 1990 .

[36]  M. Fullan,et al.  What's Worth Fighting For Out There? , 1998 .

[37]  Feng Wang,et al.  Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning environments , 2005 .

[38]  Jennifer A. Moon.  Reflection in learning and professional development , 1999 .

[39]  Roy D. Pea,et al.  Video-as-Data and Digital Video Manipulation Techniques for Transforming Learning Sciences Research, Education, and Other Cultural Practices , 2006 .

[40]  Jeanne Lam,et al.  A Review of Mobile Learning Environment in Higher Education Sector of Hong Kong: Technological and Social Perspectives , 2012, ICHL.

[41]  A. Bandura.  GUIDE FOR CONSTRUCTING SELF-EFFICACY SCALES , 2006 .

[42]  Annemarie Sullivan Palincsar,et al.  Designing Collaborative Learning Contexts , 2002 .

[43]  Peggy A. Ertmer,et al.  Using Peer Feedback to Enhance the Quality of Student Online Postings: An Exploratory Study , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[44]  M. Doolan.  Effective strategies for building a learning community online using a Wiki , 2006 .

[45]  Alex Tilbury.  Teacher Language Awareness , 2009 .

[46]  G. Boulton‐Lewis.  Teaching for quality learning at university , 2008 .

[47]  Niall Seery,et al.  Promoting deep learning in a teacher education programme through self- and peer-assessment and feedback , 2012 .

[48]  Shao-Ting Alan Hung,et al.  A washback study on e-portfolio assessment in an English as a Foreign Language teacher preparation program , 2012 .

[49]  Khe Foon Hew,et al.  Student Participation in Online Discussions: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Research , 2012 .

[50]  Eric D. Ragan,et al.  Product-based learning in software engineering education , 2009, 2009 39th IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference.

[51]  Khe Foon Hew,et al.  Design and evaluation of two blended learning approaches: Lessons learned , 2011 .

[52]  Mario Žagar,et al.  Enhancing software engineering education: a creative approach , 2008, SEESE '08.

[53]  Hyunggoo Kang,et al.  Direct versus Video Laryngoscopic Intubation by Novice Prehospital Intubators with and without Chest Compressions: A Pilot Manikin Study , 2011, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[54]  Paul Lam,et al.  Digital Devices in Classroom--Hesitations of Teachers-to-Be. , 2012 .

[55]  M. D. Roblyer,et al.  How Interactive are YOUR Distance Courses? A Rubric for Assessing Interaction in Distance Learning , 2000 .

[56]  W. Neuman,et al.  Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , 2002 .

[57]  Jere Brophy,et al.  On Motivating Students. Occasional Paper No. 101. , 1986 .

[58]  C. Bonwell,et al.  Active learning : creating excitement in the classroom , 1991 .

[59]  James L. Fitch,et al.  Student feedback in the college classroom: A technology solution , 2004 .

[60]  Adam N. Joinson,et al.  Looking at, looking up or keeping up with people?: motives and use of facebook , 2008, CHI.

[61]  H. Marshall.  Motivational Strategies of Three Fifth-Grade Teachers , 1987, The Elementary School Journal.

[62]  Philip Marriott.  Voice vs Text-based Discussion Forums: an implementation of Wimba Voice Boards , 2002 .

[63]  Kolláth Katalin.  The Importance of Learner Training as a Tool to Help Develop Autonomous Learners , 1996 .

[64]  Geri Gay,et al.  Web Browsing, Mobile Computing and Academic Performance , 2001, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[65]  Rick Raymer,et al.  Gamification: Using Game Mechanics to Enhance eLearning , 2011, ELERN.

[66]  Kathy Lynch,et al.  Learning in the first-person: an initial investigation , 2010 .

[67]  Melissa Pierson,et al.  Web-Based Student Portfolios in a Graduate Instructional Technology Program. , 2000 .

[68]  Marianne E. Jones,et al.  Developing Your Portfolio – Enhancing Your Learning and Showing Your Stuff: A Guide for the Early Childhood Student or Professional , 2005 .

[69]  S. Speck,et al.  Just a little. , 2022 .

[70]  Jie-Chi Yang,et al.  Affordances of mobile technologies for experiential learning: the interplay of technology and pedagogical practices , 2007, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[71]  A. Chickering,et al.  Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education , 1987, CORE.

[72]  H. Sahai,et al.  A multidisciplinary graduate level project-based programme in applied statistics , 2003 .

[73]  J. Katzenbach,et al.  The Wisdom of Teams , 2010 .

[74]  K. Holmqvist,et al.  Reading Information Graphics: the Role of Spatial Contiguity and Dual Attentional Guidance , 2022 .

[75]  Robert M. Fano.  Computer-Mediated Communication , 1985, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.

[76]  Soo Kyoung Lee,et al.  The effects of computer animation and cognitive style on the understanding and retention of scientific explanation , 1998 .

[77]  J. Hartley,et al.  Note‐taking: A critical review , 1978 .

[78]  T. Brown,et al.  If it can't be measured it can't be managed. The paucity of outcome measures in burn care. , 2003, Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries.

[79]  B. Matthew,et al.  Factors that contribute to undergraduate student success , 2007 .

[80]  Robin Mason,et al.  E-portfolios: an assessment tool for online courses , 2004, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[81]  David R. Millen,et al.  Identity management: multiple presentations of self in facebook , 2007, GROUP.

[82]  T. Treasure-Jones,et al.  Developing a mobile learning solution for health and social care practice , 2010 .

[83]  Alain Breuleux,et al.  Effect of animation in enhancing descriptive and procedural texts in a multimedia learning environment , 1996 .

[84]  Cheri J. Simonds,et al.  I'll See You On “Facebook”: The Effects of Computer-Mediated Teacher Self-Disclosure on Student Motivation, Affective Learning, and Classroom Climate , 2007 .

[85]  Valerie J. Janesick,et al.  “Stretching” Exercises for Qualitative Researchers , 1997 .

[86]  Stephanie Henderson-Begg,et al.  Using mobile phones to increase classroom interaction , 2009 .

[87]  R. Leipzig,et al.  The impact of E-learning in medical education. , 2006, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[88]  Yam San Chee.  Virtual Reality in Education: Rooting Learning in Experience , 2001 .

[89]  M. Doolan,et al.  Developing a pedagogy: The role of the tutor in enabling student learning through the Use of a wiki , 2011 .

[90]  Jo Davies,et al.  Performance in e-learning: online participation and student grades , 2005, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[91]  Richard K. Lowe.  Animation and learning : Value for money ? , 2004 .

[92]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Animation: Does It Facilitate Learning? , 2000 .

[93]  Lloyd Junor.  Teaching by tape: Some benefits, problems, and solutions , 1992 .

[94]  Benjamin R. Stephens,et al.  Laptops in Psychology: Conducting Flexible In-Class Research and Writing Laboratories , 2005 .

[95]  Kathryn Nantz,et al.  The learning portfolio: Reflective practice for improving student learning 2nd Ed. , 2009 .

[96]  Frank G Bowe.  Deaf and Hard of Hearing Americans' Instant Messaging and E-Mail Use: A National Survey , 2002, American annals of the deaf.

[97]  Tom Gross,et al.  Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Supporting group work , 2007, GROUP 2007.

[98]  Carole A. Ames,et al.  Achievement Goals in the Classroom: Students' Learning Strategies and Motivation Processes , 1988 .

[99]  John B. Biggs,et al.  Teaching for Quality Learning at University: What the Student Does , 1999 .

[100]  Jim Parsons.  Portfolio Assessment: Let Us Proceed with Caution , 1998 .

[101]  Michaela Driver,et al.  Exploring student perceptions of group interaction and class satisfaction in the web-enhanced classroom , 2002, Internet High. Educ..

[102]  Joanna C. Dunlap.  Workload Reduction in Online Courses: Getting Some Shuteye , 2005 .

[103]  Alessio Gaspar,et al.  Students' activity focus in online asynchronous peer learning forums , 2010, Informatics Educ..

[104]  J. Herrington,et al.  Authentic Learning Supported by Technology: Ten suggestions and cases of integration in classrooms , 2007 .

[105]  J. Mok.  "As a Student, I Do Think that the Learning Effectiveness of Electronic Portfolios Depends, to Quite a Large Extent, on the Attitude of Students!" , 2012 .

[106]  Jeremy Roschelle,et al.  Keynote paper: Unlocking the learning value of wireless mobile devices , 2003, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[107]  J. Pierie,et al.  The learning effect of intraoperative video-enhanced surgical procedure training , 2011, Surgical Endoscopy.

[108]  Suzie Kardong-Edgren,et al.  Diffusion of Innovation: Embedding Simulation into Nursing Curricula , 2008, International journal of nursing education scholarship.

[109]  Michael DeSchryver,et al.  Moodle vs. Facebook: Does using Facebook for Discussions in an Online Course Enhance Perceived Social Presence and Student Interaction? , 2009 .

[110]  Khe Foon Hew,et al.  Analysis of ill-structured problem solving, mentoring functions, and perceptions of practicum teachers and mentors toward online mentoring in a field-based practicum , 2007 .

[111]  Mark Guzdial,et al.  Effective Discussion Through a Computer-Mediated Anchored Forum , 2000 .

[112]  Gina Saliba,et al.  Blended learning , 2010, BDJ.

[113]  John T. Stasko,et al.  Rethinking the evaluation of algorithm animations as learning aids: an observational study , 2001, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[114]  Ernest T. Pascarella,et al.  How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research. Volume 2. , 2005 .

[115]  Minjuan Wang,et al.  The impact of mobile learning on students' learning behaviours and performance: Report from a large blended classroom , 2009, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[116]  Alfred K. Anderson,et al.  An Assessment of the Perception of Learning Gains of Freshmen Students in an Introductory Course in Nutrition and Food Science , 2006 .

[117]  L. Nagela,et al.  Read-only participants : a case for student communication in online classes , 2009 .

[118]  Conor Vibert,et al.  Judging the Constructive Impacts of Communication Technologies: A Business Education Study , 2002, Education and Information Technologies.

[119]  J. Webster,et al.  Teaching Effectiveness in Technology-Mediated Distance Learning , 1997 .

[120]  Rena M. Palloff,et al.  Building Learning Communities in Cyberspace: Effective Strategies for the Online Classroom. Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. , 1999 .

[121]  Briony J. Oates,et al.  Using Voice Boards: pedagogical design, technological implementation, evaluation and reflections , 2010 .

[122]  David E. Kieras,et al.  Diagrammatic Displays for Engineered Systems: Effects on Human Performance in Interacting with Malfunctioning Systems , 1992, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[123]  Judy L. Miller,et al.  A study of personal digital assistants to enhance undergraduate clinical nursing education. , 2005, The Journal of nursing education.

[124]  Richard A. Berk,et al.  An Introduction to Ensemble Methods for Data Analysis , 2004 .

[125]  Allan Collins,et al.  Toward a Design Science of Education , 1992 .

[126]  Berit Östlund.  Prerequisites for interactive learning in distance education: Perspectives from Swedish students , 2008 .

[127]  Lloyd P. Rieber,et al.  Animation, incidental learning, and continuing motivation , 1991 .

[128]  S. Michaels,et al.  A pedagogy of Multiliteracies Designing Social Futures , 1996 .

[129]  Robert D. Hannafin,et al.  Using asynchronous AV communication tools to increase academic self-efficacy , 2008, Comput. Educ..

[130]  Bryan Hosack,et al.  A Framework for Measuring Student Learning Gains and Engagement in an Introductory Computing Course: A Preliminary Report of Findings , 2012 .

[131]  M. Küçük,et al.  Support services and learning styles influencing interaction in asynchronous online discussions , 2010 .

[132]  Matthew K. O. Lee,et al.  Online social networks: Why do students use facebook? , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[133]  C D Deakin,et al.  Prehospital advanced airway management by ambulance technicians and paramedics: is clinical practice sufficient to maintain skills? , 2009, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[134]  Diane Salter,et al.  Approaches to teaching and technology use among international award winning university teachers , 2010 .

[135]  Elizabeth Murphy,et al.  Graduate Students' Experiences of Challenges in Online Asynchronous Discussions , 2004 .

[136]  S. Nichols,et al.  Assessment as a Context for Student Engagement , 2012 .

[137]  Richard E. Mayer,et al.  Multimedia Learning , 2001, Visible Learning Guide to Student Achievement.

[138]  Christi A. Harter,et al.  The effects of spatial contiguity within computer-based instruction of group personalized two-step mathematics word problems , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[139]  Scott M. Lynch,et al.  Self-Efficacy, Stress, and Academic Success in College , 2005 .

[140]  Linda Riebe,et al.  Teamwork: effectively teaching an employability skill , 2010 .

[141]  Alexander C. McCormick,et al.  An Investigation of the Contingent Relationships Between Learning Community Participation and Student Engagement , 2011 .

[142]  Lloyd P. Rieber.  Effects of visual grouping strategies of computer-animated presentations on selective attention in science , 1991 .

[143]  Eileen Entin,et al.  Video Technology to Advance Safety in the Operating Room and Perioperative Environment , 2007, Surgical innovation.

[144]  K. Wentzel.  Social Relationships and Motivation in Middle School: The Role of Parents, Teachers, and Peers , 1998 .

[145]  Sara A. McComb,et al.  Examining a curvilinear relationship between communication frequency and team performance in cross-functional project teams , 2003, IEEE Trans. Engineering Management.

[146]  Jo Kinnard.  From crayons to cyberspace : creating a professional teaching portfolio/ Jo Kinnard , 2007 .

[147]  Thierry Volery,et al.  Critical success factors in online education , 2000 .

[148]  Sari Rissanen,et al.  Online Learning Experiences of University Students , 2009 .

[149]  Derek Mueller,et al.  Digital Underlife in the Networked Writing Classroom , 2009 .

[150]  César Domínguez,et al.  Database design learning: A project-based approach organized through a course management system , 2010, Comput. Educ..

[151]  Paul Lam,et al.  Review of Use of Animation as a Supplementary Learning Material of Physiology Content in Four Academic Years. , 2012 .

[152]  H. Russell Bernard,et al.  Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , 2000 .

[153]  Philip M. Johnson,et al.  Computer supported collaborative learning using CLARE: the approach and experimental findings , 1994, CSCW '94.

[154]  M. Lepper.  Motivational Considerations in the Study of Instruction , 1988 .

[155]  Nicholas A J Lieven,et al.  Teaching against the grain: multi‐disciplinary teamwork effectively delivers a successful undergraduate unit in sustainable development , 2008 .

[156]  C. Bonk,et al.  Online Education Evaluation: What Should We Evaluate? , 2005 .

[157]  Eliot Levinson.  Technology and Change. , 1993 .

[158]  Tara McNealy,et al.  The Learning Portfolio: Reflective Practice for Improving Student Learning, and: Portfolio Development and the Assessment of Prior Learning: Perspectives, Models, and Practices (review) , 2006 .

[159]  E. C. Carvalho,et al.  Effect of a video on developing skills in undergraduate nursing students for the management of totally implantable central venous access ports. , 2012, Nurse education today.

[160]  H. Thornton,et al.  Collaborative learning: using technology for fostering those valued practices inherent in constructive environments in traditional education , 2006 .

[161]  C. Lau,et al.  Multi-disciplinary Learning through a Database Development Project , 2012 .

[162]  A. Zsolnai,et al.  Relationship Between Children's Social Competence, Learning Motivation and School Achievement , 2002 .

[163]  Dowming Yeh,et al.  What drives a successful e-Learning? An empirical investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction , 2008, Comput. Educ..

[164]  George A. Papantoniou,et al.  Once or Twice , 1951 .

[165]  Khe Foon Hew,et al.  Attracting student participation in asynchronous online discussions: A case study of peer facilitation , 2008, Comput. Educ..

[166]  Jennifer L. Dyck.  Problem Solving by Novice Macintosh Users: The Effects of Animated, Self-Paced Written, and No Instruction , 1995 .

[167]  Ok-choon Park,et al.  Selective use of animation and feedback in computer-based instruction , 1992 .

[168]  Frank Archer,et al.  Can interdisciplinary clinical DVD simulations transform clinical fieldwork education for paramedic, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and nursing students? , 2010, Journal of allied health.

[169]  P. Jeffries,et al.  A FRAMEWORK for Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating: Simulations Used as Teaching Strategies in Nursing , 2005, Nursing education perspectives.

[170]  Joanne K Olson,et al.  Taking the Patient to the Classroom: Applying Theoretical Frameworks to Simulation in Nursing Education , 2007, International journal of nursing education scholarship.

[171]  D. R. Hayhursta,et al.  Innovation-led multi-disciplinary undergraduate design teaching , 2011 .

[172]  B. L. Bower,et al.  Distance Education: Facing the Faculty Challenge , 2001 .

[173]  Chun-Mei Zhao,et al.  The learning outcomes race: the value of self-reported gains in large research universities , 2012 .

[174]  Lloyd P. Rieber,et al.  Using Computer Animated Graphics in Science Instruction with Children , 1990 .

[175]  Khe Foon Hew,et al.  Student contribution in asynchronous online discussion: a review of the research and empirical exploration , 2010 .

[176]  Jesse Gleason,et al.  Learner Perceptions of Asynchronous Oral Computer-Mediated Communication Tasks Using Wimba Voice for Developing Their L2 Oral Proficiency , 2011 .

[177]  Seugnet Blignaut,et al.  Read-only participants: a case for student communication in online classes , 2009, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[178]  Stuart R. Palmer,et al.  Does the discussion help? The impact of a formally assessed online discussion on final student results , 2008, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[179]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Animation: can it facilitate? , 2002, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[180]  P. Kotler,et al.  Principles of Marketing , 1983 .

[181]  Khe Foon Hew,et al.  A Review of Research Methodologies Used in Studies on Mobile Handheld Devices in K-12 and Higher Education Settings. , 2009 .

[182]  Pablo Romero,et al.  Debugging strategies and tactics in a multi-representation software environment , 2007, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[183]  S. Reeves,et al.  Evaluating Interprofessional Education: two systematic reviews for health and , 1999 .