Durabilité des matériaux de puits pétroliers dans le cadre d'une séquestration géologique de dioxyde de carbone et d'hydrogène sulfuré

La sequestration geologique du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et du sulfure d'hydrogene (H2S) est une solution envisagee par l'industrie petroliere pour stocker durablement ces gaz indesirables. Elle consiste a les injecter via des puits dans des reservoirs geologiques profonds. Les puits, constitues par des tubes d'acier entoures d'une gaine de ciment, peuvent etre degrades et ainsi constituer un chemin de fuite des gaz vers la surface qui auraient des consequences humaines et environnementales serieuses. Diverses experimentations en laboratoire ont simule le vieillissement de ces deux materiaux dans des conditions de sequestration geologique. Pour ce faire, un protocole experimental et analytique specifique a ete mis en place. La simulation numerique du vieillissement du ciment a egalement ete abordee. Le ciment et l'acier ont ete alteres au contact de diverses phases fluides a 500 bar-120°C et 500 bar-200°C : une saumure, une saumure chargee en H2S-CO2, un melange saumure+phase supercritique a H2S-CO2 et une phase supercritique a H2S-CO2 en l'absence d'eau liquide. Dans tous ces cas, on observe deux reactions decouplees : la carbonatation du ciment par le CO2 et la sulfuration de l'acier par le H2S. Il apparait que la carbonatation est maximale et que la sulfuration est au contraire minimale au sein de la phase supercritique en l'absence d'eau liquide. Les proprietes texturales et de porosite du ciment sont peu ou pas affectees par tous les traitements a 120°C. La porosite est meme reduite en presence de H2S-CO2. Par contre, a 200°C, ces proprietes sont affectees par le fait de la presence d'eau liquide dans le milieu. A cette temperature, seul le vieillissement du ciment au sein de la phase supercritique sans eau liquide ameliore ses proprietes. Dans toutes les conditions testees, l'acier est toujours corrode, il est donc le materiau le plus vulnerable des puits.

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