Die Photochemie stilbenoider Verbindungen und ihre materialwissenschaftlichen Aspekte

Stilbene und Verbindungen, die aus Stilbenbausteinen aufgebaut sind, bilden die stoffliche Grundlage fur eine Vielzahl von Forschungsarbeiten im Bereich der Photophysik und Photochemie. Der einfache synthetische Zugang sowie die hohe thermische und chemische Stabilitat rucken diese Substanzklasse auch immer mehr in das Blickfeld materialwissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen uber optische, elektrische und optoelektronische Eigenschaften. Um der interdisziplinaren Bedeutung der Untersuchungen an Stilbenen gerecht zu werden, versucht dieser Beitrag eine Brucke von molekultheoretischen Berechnungen und photophysikalischen Messungen uber praparative Anwendungen bis hin zu Materialeffekten und deren technologischen Anwendungsmoglichkeiten zu schlagen.

[1]  K. A. Muszkat.  The 4a,4b-Dihydrophenanthrenes , 1980 .

[2]  H. Okamoto,et al.  Novel insights into photoisomerization of olefins , 1988 .

[3]  Paras N. Prasad,et al.  Third-order non-linear optical properties of oriented films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) investigated by femtosecond degenerate four wave mixing , 1988 .

[4]  K. Eisenthal,et al.  Polarity-dependent barriers and the photoisomerization dynamics of molecules in solution , 1987 .

[5]  G. Fleming,et al.  Isomerization of t-stilbene in alcohols , 1989 .

[6]  T. Arai,et al.  Potential energy surfaces of one-way and two-way photoisomerization of olefins , 1992 .

[7]  G. Tsoucaris,et al.  Photochemistry with circularly polarized light. Synthesis of optically active hexahelicene , 1971 .

[8]  F. Lewis,et al.  Self-quenching and dimerization of singlet trans-stilbene , 1977 .

[9]  G. Hammond,et al.  Mechanisms of photochemical reactions in solution. LXVII. Energy wastage in photosensitized isomerization of the stilbenes , 1972 .

[10]  K. Müllen,et al.  Absorption spectra of charged oligo (phenylenevinylene)s: On the detection of polaronic and bipolaronic states† , 1991 .

[11]  I. Lednev,et al.  Photosensitized cis—trans isomerization of stilbene via cation radical mechanism in micellar solution , 1992 .

[12]  J. Scaiano,et al.  Intrazeolite photochemistry. 5. Use of zeolites in the control of photostationary ratios in sensitized cis-trans isomerizations , 1989 .

[13]  H. Meier,et al.  Photochemie des 1,3‐Distyrylbenzols — Ein neuer Weg zu syn‐[2.2](1,3)Cyclophanen , 1986 .

[14]  K. Yoshihara,et al.  Is the nonradiative decay of S1 cis-stilbene due to the dihydrophenanthrene isomerization channel? Suggestive evidence from photophysical measurements on 1,2-diphenylcycloalkenes , 1990 .

[15]  J. Goodman,et al.  The energetics and kinetics of relaxed alkene triplet states as determined by pulsed time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry , 1987 .

[16]  B. B. Snavely,et al.  cw OPERATION OF AN ORGANIC DYE SOLUTION LASER , 1970 .

[17]  G. Kaupp.  Orientation in Photochemical Cyclobutane Cleavages: cis‐Effect , 1974 .

[18]  D. Whitten,et al.  Photosensitization of stilbene isomerization by palladium and platinum porphyrins, an intermolecular quantum chain process , 1978 .

[19]  R. Hochstrasser,et al.  Isomerization processes of electronically excited stilbene and diphenylbutadiene in liquids. Are they one-dimensional? , 1989 .

[20]  Chong-Hong Pyun,et al.  Construction of an Inexpensive Subnanosecond Fluoriheter Using a Microcomputer , 1984 .

[21]  M. Hasegawa.  Topochemical photopolymerization of diolefin crystals , 1986 .

[22]  F. Catalina,et al.  Quantitative evaluation of soluble polymeric photosensitizers, 4. Trans-cis isomerization of stilbene photosensitized by polymerbound o- and p-benzyloxybenzaldehyde† , 1987 .

[23]  O. Vostrowsky,et al.  Selected topics of the wittig reaction in the synthesis of natural products , 1983 .

[24]  H. Görner.  Analysis of the Pathways for Cis ⇄ Trans Photoisomerization of 4‐Nitro‐,4,4′‐Dinitro‐, and 4‐Nitro‐4′‐methoxystilbene in Solution. XII1 , 1984 .

[25]  Frank Kosteyn,et al.  4,4′‐Distyrylazobenzol als Mesogen , 1992 .

[26]  Jon S. Kauffman,et al.  Modification of photochemical reactivity by zeolites: Arrested molecular rotation of polyenes by inclusion in zeolites , 1990 .

[27]  T. Arai,et al.  “One-way” photoisomerization between cis- and trans-olefin. A novel adiabatic process in the excited state , 1983 .

[28]  D. Haarer,et al.  Photoconductivity in polymers. Chemical structures and physical mechanisms , 1991 .

[29]  P. Spoerri,et al.  Photochemical Conversion of Stilbene to Phenanthrene , 1950, Nature.

[30]  D. Corbin,et al.  Modification of photochemical reactivity by zeolites: heavy cation induced phosphorescence and entrapment of rotational conformers of trans-stilbene , 1990 .

[31]  Wendell L. Dilling,et al.  Organic photochemistry. XVII. Polymerization of unsaturated compounds by photocycloaddition reactions , 1983 .

[32]  D. Schulte‐Frohlinde,et al.  Cis-trans photoisomerization of 4-nitrostilbenes , 1979 .

[33]  Masato Suzuki,et al.  Polycondensation catalyzed by palladium complex. 2. Synthesis and characterization of main-chain type liquid-crystalline polymers having distyrylbenzene mesogenic groups , 1990 .

[34]  Wolfgang Rettig.  Ladungstrennung in angeregten Zuständen entkoppelter Systeme – TICT-Verbindungen und Implikationen für die Entwicklung neuer Laserfarbstoffe sowie für den Primärprozeß von Sehvorgang und Photosynthese , 1986 .

[35]  K. Schanze,et al.  Trans-stilbene phosphorescence , 1980 .

[36]  K. Muszkat,et al.  Energy Profiles for Ring Formation‐ and Ring Opening‐Processes in the cis‐Stilbene‐4a,4b‐Dihydrophenanthrene System. An example of the feasibility of a process forbidden by the rules of orbital symmetry conservation , 1971 .

[37]  T. Azumi,et al.  Phosphorescence of the trans-stilbene single crystal , 1985 .

[38]  F. Negri,et al.  Deuterium isotope effect on the photoisomerization rates of stilbene: an RRKM analysis based on computed vibrational frequencies , 1991 .

[39]  T. Azumi,et al.  Properties of the triplet spin sublevels of trans-stilbene , 1988 .

[40]  K. Saigo,et al.  Homo- and hetero-adduct polymers derived from unsymmetric diolefin crystals , 1986 .

[41]  W. H. Laarhoven,et al.  Photodehydrocyclizations in stilbene-like compounds—II : Photochemistry of distyrylbenzenes , 1970 .

[42]  H. Meier,et al.  4,4′‐Distyrylazobenzol als Chromophor , 1992 .

[43]  T. Rosenthal.  Beiträge zur Chemie des Braunkohlentheers , 1901 .

[44]  L. J. Schaad,et al.  Hueckel molecular orbital .pi. resonance energies. New approach , 1971 .

[45]  A. Hoekstra,et al.  Refinement of the crystal structure of trans-stilbene (TSB). The molecular structure in the crystalline and gaseous phases , 1975 .

[46]  A. Heeger,et al.  Visible light emission from semiconducting polymer diodes , 1991 .

[47]  Giuseppe Zerbi,et al.  Optical spectra and structure of oligomeric models of polyparaphenylenevinylene , 1991 .

[48]  R. Hochstrasser,et al.  Femtosecond laser study of energy disposal in the solution phase isomerization of stilbene , 1990 .

[49]  James E. Adams,et al.  U.V. Imaging with Nematic Chlorostilbenes , 1974 .

[50]  F. Mallory,et al.  Photochemistry of Stilbenes. IV. The Preparation of Substituted Phenanthrenes1a-c , 1964 .

[51]  H. Meier,et al.  Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Flüssigkristallen bei Distyrylbenzolen mit Alkoxyketten / Investigations on the Formation of Liquid Crystals by Distyrylbenzenes with Alkoxy Chains , 1988 .

[52]  A. Levelut,et al.  Phasmids : a new class of liquid crystals , 1985 .

[53]  H. Meier,et al.  A new synthesis of soluble poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene)s and poly(2,5-pyrimidinylenevinylene)s , 1991 .

[54]  T. Arai,et al.  Triplet state Z/E-isomerization of a p-styrylstilbene: a partly adiabatic process , 1990 .

[55]  H. Pommer,et al.  Industrial applications of the wittig reaction , 1983 .

[56]  K. Müllen,et al.  Electronic and structural properties of polyparaphenylenevinylene from the vibrational spectra , 1991 .

[57]  F. Lewis,et al.  Exciplex formation and behavior in the 9,10-dicyanoanthracene-stilbene system , 1989 .

[58]  R. Schieder,et al.  New efficient and stable laser dyes for cw operation in the blue and violet spectral region , 1978 .

[59]  A. Greiner,et al.  New synthetic approach to poly(1,4‐phenylenevinylene) and its derivatives by palladium catalyzed arylation of ethylene , 1988 .

[60]  W. Memeger.  Novel thermotropic main-chain polyhydrocarbons and block copoly(hydrocarbon azomethines) , 1989 .

[61]  F. Zerbetto,et al.  Vibronic perturbations in the cis-trans photoisomerization of stilbene☆ , 1986 .

[62]  G. Hammond,et al.  Deactivation of Excited States , 1969 .

[63]  W. Link,et al.  Halogenation, Dehydrohalogenation and Dehalogenation of Stilbene Photo-dimers (1,2,3,4-Tetraphenylcyclobutanes) , 1963 .

[64]  David H. Waldeck.  Photoisomerization dynamics of stilbenes , 1991 .

[65]  H. Nakanishi,et al.  Crystals of polymers derived from divinyl compounds by photoradiation in the solid state , 1968 .

[66]  K. Yamanouchi,et al.  Vibrational assignments and intensity considerations of the fluorescence excitation spectra of jet‐cooled S1 trans‐stilbene and its three isotopic analogues , 1989 .

[67]  Joseph W. Perry.  Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecules and Materials , 1991 .

[68]  F. Wilkinson,et al.  Triplet state quenching by ferrocene , 1975 .

[69]  K. Weitzel,et al.  MNDO calculations of stilbene potential energy properties relevant for the photoisomerization dynamics , 1988 .

[70]  G. Wegner.  Solid-state polymerization mechanisms , 1977 .

[71]  G. S. Hammond,et al.  Die Desaktivierung angeregter Zustände , 1969 .

[72]  V. Ramamurthy,et al.  Photochemistry of polyenes. IX. Excitation, relaxation, and deactivation of dienes, trienes, and higher polyenes in the vitamin A series in the sensitized isomerization reaction , 1976 .

[73]  B. Yang,et al.  Improved methodology for photocyclization reactions , 1991 .

[74]  J. Troe,et al.  Rates of photoisomerization of trans-stilbene in isolated and solvated molecules , 1986 .

[75]  V. Sundström,et al.  Dynamics of Trans-Cis Photoisomerization of Stilbene in Hydrocarbon Solutions , 1985 .

[76]  H. Meier,et al.  Naphthalenophane durch doppelte Photocyclodimerisierung von Distyrylnaphthalinen , 1989 .

[77]  P. Scott,et al.  Excimer fluorescence of trans-stilbene and diphenylacetylene , 1975 .

[78]  M. D. Cohen.  Photochemie organischer Festkörper , 1975 .

[79]  ShizukaHaruo,et al.  Photolyses of Tetraphenylcyclobutanes at 254 nm , 1979 .

[80]  S. K. Chattopadhyay,et al.  Short-lived olefin triplets and energy transfer from them to β-carotene , 1984 .

[81]  H. Kramers.  Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical reactions , 1940 .

[82]  G. Wegner,et al.  Nonlinear Optical Properties of Poly(P-Phenylene Vinylene) Thin Films , 1989 .

[83]  J. Saltiel.  Perdeuteriostilbene. The Role of Phantom States in the cis-trans Photoisomerization of Stilbenes , 1967 .

[84]  V. Ramamurthy,et al.  Consequences of hydrophobic association in photoreactions: photodimerization of stilbenes in water , 1986 .

[85]  R. P. Drucker,et al.  Detection and assignment of the ''phantom'' photochemical singlet of trans-stilbene by two-photon excitation , 1977 .

[86]  H. Menzel.  Selbstorganisation und photochemische Beeinflussung , 1991 .

[87]  J. Oudar,et al.  Optical nonlinearities of conjugated molecules. Stilbene derivatives and highly polar aromatic compounds , 1977 .

[88]  R. Buckles.  Illumination of cis- and trans-Stilbenes in Dilute Solutions , 1955 .

[89]  J. Saltiel,et al.  cis-Stilbene fluorescence in solution. Adiabatic 1c*.fwdarw.1t* conversion , 1990 .

[90]  A. Siegrist.  Über eine neue Synthese zur darstellung heterocyclisch substituierter Stilbenverbindungen, die Anil‐Sythese , 1967 .

[91]  W. Lüttke,et al.  Laserfarbstoffe, II. Laserfarbstoffe mit intramolekularer Triplettlöschung , 1982 .

[92]  Josef Michl,et al.  Electronic aspects of organic photochemistry , 1990 .

[93]  S. Vanhaelemeersch,et al.  Spectroscopic observation of the methylene(~a1A1) radical in the reaction of acetylene with oxygen atoms , 1989 .

[94]  J. Saltiel,et al.  Application of the Kramers equation to stilbene photoisomerization in n-alkanes using translational diffusion coefficients to define microviscosity , 1989 .

[95]  K. Jordan,et al.  Electron transmission study of the temporary negative ion states of selected benzenoid and conjugated aromatic hydrocarbons , 1987 .

[96]  M. Cohen.  The Photochemistry of Organic Solids , 1975 .

[97]  W. Rettig.  Charge Separation in Excited States of Decoupled Systems—TICT Compounds and Implications Regarding the Development of New Laser Dyes and the Primary Process of Vision and Photosynthesis , 1986 .

[98]  Keitaro Yoshihara,et al.  Models for stilbene photoisomerization: experimental and theoretical studies of the excited-state dynamics of 1,2-diphenylcycloalkenes , 1991 .

[99]  G. B. Kistiakowsky,et al.  Kinetics of Thermal Cis-Trans Isomerization. III , 1934 .

[100]  K. Sandros,et al.  Adiabatic photochemical isomerization of cis-1-(9-anthryl)-2-phenylethylenes , 1987 .

[101]  G. Kaupp.  Orientierung bei photochemischen Cyclobutanspaltungen: cis‐Effekt , 1974 .

[102]  C. Tang,et al.  Length dependence of the second‐order optical nonlinearity in conjugated hydrocarbons , 1981 .

[103]  K. Yamanouchi,et al.  Isotope effect on fluorescence excitation spectra of jet-cooled S1 trans-stilbene and its 1,2-13C-substituted analogue: vibrational mode assignments , 1987 .

[104]  W. Rettig,et al.  Competing adiabatic photoreaction channels in stilbene derivatives , 1989 .

[105]  R. Stoermer.  Über die Umlagerung stabiler stereoisomerer äthylenkörper in labile durch ultraviolettes Licht (I) , 1909 .

[106]  D. Cowan,et al.  A convenient gas chromatographic method for determining activation energies of first-order reactions , 1968 .

[107]  Y. Iitaka,et al.  Topochemical photoreactions of unsymmetrically substituted diolefins. 2. Photopolymerization of 4'-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2,5-distyrylpyrazines , 1988 .

[108]  R. W. Gymer,et al.  Chemical tuning of electroluminescent copolymers to improve emission efficiencies and allow patterning , 1992, Nature.

[109]  David J. Williams,et al.  Organic Polymeric and Non-Polymeric Materials with Large Optical Nonlinearities , 1984 .

[110]  J. Saltiel,et al.  Intrinsic potential energy barrier for twisting in the trans-stilbene S1 state in hydrocarbon solvents , 1989 .

[111]  A.M. Weiner,et al.  Ultrashort light pulses , 1988, IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine.

[112]  W. R. Young,et al.  Stilbene derivatives. New class of room temperature nematic liquids , 1972 .

[113]  D. Vorländer.  Über Polymorphie der Flüssigkeiten , 1907 .

[114]  Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký,et al.  Neutrale und geladene Diradikale, Zwitterionen, Trichter auf der S1‐Hyperfläche und Protonentranslokation; ihre Bedeutung für den Sehvorgang und andere photochemische und photophysikalische Prozesse , 1987 .

[115]  J. Opfermann,et al.  Poly‐p‐xylyliden. Synthesen und beziehungen zwischen struktur und elektrophysikalischen eigenschaften , 1970 .

[116]  J. Mcmurry.  Titanium-induced dicarbonyl-coupling reactions , 1983 .

[117]  T. Arai,et al.  Direct observation of cis-to-trans conversion of olefin radical cations. Electron transfer-induced isomerization of stilbene derivatives , 1990 .

[118]  Gerhard M. J. Schmidt,et al.  Photodimerization in the solid state , 1971 .

[119]  J. Saltiel.  Perdeuteriostilbene. The triplet and singlet paths for stilbene photoisomerization , 1968 .

[120]  R. Erckel,et al.  Fluoreszenz von Distyrylbenzolen und Distyrylstilbenen / Fluorescence of Distyrylbenzenes and Distyrylstilbenes , 1982 .

[121]  W. H. Laarhoven,et al.  Base-induced proton tautomerism in the primary photocyclization product of stilbenes , 1985 .

[122]  Paras N. Prasad,et al.  Anisotropy of the linear and third‐order nonlinear optical properties of a stretch‐oriented polymer film of poly‐[2, 5‐dimethoxy paraphenylenevinylene] , 1990 .

[123]  P. Pesteil,et al.  Solides fluorescents non cristallins pour mesures de radiactivité , 1953 .

[124]  J. Lex,et al.  1,2-Diphenylcycloalkenes: electronic and geometric structures in the gas phase, solution, and solid state , 1988 .

[125]  E. Fischer,et al.  Temperature dependence of photoisomerization. VI. Viscosity effect , 1968 .

[126]  G. Gauglitz,et al.  Photochemical degradation mechanism of stilbene-1 examined by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods , 1986 .

[127]  Fred Wudl,et al.  Linear and nonlinear optical studies of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivatives and polydiacetylene-4BCMU , 1989 .

[128]  Bodo Liphardt,et al.  Laser dyes with intramolecular triplet quenching , 1981 .

[129]  K. Rademann,et al.  A mass spectroscopic study on the dissociative photoionization of 1,1-dichlorodifluoroethene: the adiabatic ionization potential of gaseous singlet 1A1 dichlorocarbene , 1985 .

[130]  Graham R. Fleming,et al.  Fluorescence upconversion study of cis‐stilbene isomerization , 1990 .

[131]  B. Green,et al.  Solution and solid-state photodimerization of some styrylthiophenes , 1974 .

[132]  W. R. Young,et al.  Mesomorphism in the 4,4′-Dialkoxy-trans-Stilbenes , 1972 .

[133]  Wolfgang Rettig.  Anwendungsaspekte adiabatischer Photoreaktionen , 1991 .

[134]  B. Green,et al.  Excimer emission and photodimerization in a crystalline stilbene , 1970 .

[135]  J. Weisshaar,et al.  Transition-metal cation chemistry in 1 torr of helium: M+ + ethane reaction rates , 1986 .

[136]  J. Schroeder,et al.  Heterocycles as Structural Units in New Optical Brighteners , 1975 .

[137]  B. Dick,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE LOW-LYING EXCITED A STATES OF trans-STILBENE , 1984 .

[138]  G. Kaupp,et al.  cis-Effekt bei photochemischen Cyclobutanspaltungen , 1977 .

[139]  Toru Kajita,et al.  Accelerated photodimerization of stilbenes in methanol and water , 1989 .

[140]  T. Matsuura,et al.  Regioselective trans-cis photoisomerization of m-styrylstilbenes , 1988 .

[141]  F. Mijlhoff,et al.  GAS ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION STUDY OF MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE OF TRANS-STILBENE , 1975 .

[142]  H. Meier,et al.  Fluoreszenz‐Untersuchungen an styrylsubstituierten Benzolen , 1986 .

[143]  F. Zerbetto,et al.  Theoretical analysis of the force field of the lowest excited singlet state of trans-stilbene , 1989 .

[144]  W. Findley.  Fluorescent whitening agents for modern detergents , 1988 .

[145]  V. Balzani,et al.  Vertical and "nonvertical" energy transfer processes. A general classical treatment , 1980 .

[146]  D. Schulte‐Frohlinde,et al.  Laser Study of the Triplet State of 4‐Nitrostilbenes in Solution; Estimation of the Equilibrium Constant (3t* ⇄ 3p*) and the Rate Constant for Intersystem Crossing (3p* → 1p). XIII1 , 1984 .

[147]  J. Saltiel,et al.  The triplet state in stilbene cis-trans photoisomerization , 1975 .

[148]  H. Meier,et al.  Photochemie elektronenreicher 1,3-Distyrylbenzole , 1988 .

[149]  J. Kopecký.  Organic Photochemistry: A Visual Approach , 1991 .

[150]  Localized molecular orbitals of acyclic polyenes as a basis for a new approach to resonance energies , 1986 .

[151]  H. Goerner.  Phosphorescence of trans-stilbene, stilbene derivatives, and stilbene-like molecules at 77 K , 1989 .

[152]  D. Oelkrug,et al.  Photophysical behavior of diphenylpolyenes adsorbed on alumina by diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis , 1988 .

[153]  Josef Michl,et al.  Neutral and Charged Biradicals, Zwitterions, Funnels in S1, and Proton Translocation: Their Role in Photochemistry, Photophysics, and Vision , 1987 .

[154]  Haruo Hosoya,et al.  Parameterized valence bond calculations for benzenoid hydrocarbons using clar structure , 1984 .

[155]  V. Sundström,et al.  Dynamics of the isomerization of trans-stilbene in n-alcohols studied by ultraviolet picosecond absorption recovery , 1984 .

[156]  R. Hochstrasser,et al.  The viscosity dependence and reaction coordinate for isomerization of cis‐stilbene , 1990 .

[157]  G. Holzer,et al.  Triplett-Lebensdauern von Diphenylpolyenen und deuterierten Stilbenen in eingefrorener Lösung bei 77°K / Triplet Lifetime of Diphenylpolyenes and deuterated Stilbenes in frozen solution at 77°K , 1970 .

[158]  D. Schwarzer,et al.  Cluster and barrier effects in the temperature and pressure dependence of the photoisomerization of trans‐stilbene , 1990 .

[159]  R. N. Marks,et al.  Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers , 1990, Nature.

[160]  M. Hasegawa.  Photopolymerization of diolefin crystals , 1983 .

[161]  J. Saltiel,et al.  The .DELTA.H for thermal trans/cis-stilbene isomerization: do S0 and T1 potential energy curves cross? , 1987 .

[162]  A. Kruppa,et al.  1H CIDNP study of the role of radical ions in the cis-trans isomerization of stilbenes in the presence of electron donors and acceptors , 1988 .

[163]  R. Williams.  Heats of Catalytic Hydrogenation in Solution. I. Apparatus, Technique, and the Heats of Hydrogenation of Certain Pairs of Stereoisomers , 1942 .

[164]  E. Haas,et al.  The Fluorescence Lifetime of Trans‐Stilbene and its Variation with Temperature , 1982 .

[165]  R. Caldwell.  A PREDICTOR OF REACTIVITY IN ALLOWED PHOTODIMERIZATIONS AND PHOTOCYCLOADDITIONS , 1980 .

[166]  V. Ramamurthy,et al.  Modification of the photochemical behaviour of organic molecules by cyclodextrin: Geometric isomerization of stilbenes and alkyl cinnamates , 1986 .

[167]  A. Dorlars,et al.  Heterocyclen als Bausteine neuer optischer Aufheller , 1975 .

[168]  K. Eisenthal,et al.  Picosecond laser studies on photochemical reactions in restricted environments: the photoisomerization of trans-stilbene complexed to cyclodextrins , 1989 .

[169]  G. Orlandi,et al.  Model for the direct photo-isomerization of stilbene , 1975 .

[170]  M. Hasegawa,et al.  Four‐center type photopolymerization in the solid state: Poly‐2,5‐distrylpyrazine , 1967 .

[171]  M. Scholz,et al.  Chemie angeregter zustände—IV , 1968 .

[172]  D. Schulte‐Frohlinde,et al.  Tripletspectra of 4‐Nitrostilbenes in Polar and Non‐Polar Solvents at Different Temperatures and the Configuration of the Triplet State , 1978 .

[173]  R. Lapouyade,et al.  Dual fluorescence in trans-4-dimethylamino-4'-cyanostilbene revealed by picosecond time-resolved spectroscopy: A possible new , 1988 .

[174]  Henry Gruen,et al.  Trans .fwdarw. cis photoisomerization, fluorescence, and relaxation phenomena of trans-4-nitro-4'-(dialkylamino)stilbenes and analogues with a nonrotatable amino group , 1989 .

[175]  J. Saltiel,et al.  Energetics of twisting in the lowest stilbene triplet state , 1983 .

[176]  I. Gould,et al.  Photochemical generation, isomerization, and oxygenation of stilbene cation radicals , 1990 .

[177]  G. Orlandi,et al.  An ab initio study of the cis-trans photoisomerization of stilbene , 1979 .

[178]  H. Meier,et al.  A Simple Route to a New Type of Cyclophane , 1981 .

[179]  C. Pyun,et al.  Fluorescence lifetimes of several structurally rigid t-stilbene derivatives , 1986 .

[180]  P. E. Brown,et al.  Photoisomerization and fluorescence of surfactant and hydrophobic 4- and 4,4'-substituted stilbenes in homogeneous solution. Observation of strong fluorescence enhancement by dialkyl substitution , 1985 .

[181]  H. Mark,et al.  Polymere als elektrische Leiter und Halbleiter , 1961 .

[182]  K. Yoshihara,et al.  Photochemistry of the lowest excited singlet state: Acceleration of trans–cis isomerization by two consecutive picosecond pulses , 1982 .

[183]  J. Dunitz.  The structure of the centrosymmetric isomer of 1:2:3:4-tetraphenylcyclobutane , 1949 .

[184]  A. Santoro,et al.  Kinetics of cis-trans isomerization by differential thermal analysis , 1967 .

[185]  K. Yamanouchi,et al.  Vibrational level structure and intermode coupling of S1 trans-stilbene as studied by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a supersonic free jet , 1989 .

[186]  J. T. Gordon,et al.  Photochemistry of Stilbenes. III. Some Aspects of the Mechanism of Photocyclization to Phenanthrenes , 1964 .

[187]  W. Roth,et al.  Die Berechnung von Resonanzenergien; das MM2ERW‐Kraftfeld , 1991 .

[188]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  Materials for Nonlinear Optics Chemical Perspectives , 1991 .

[189]  W. Meerts,et al.  trans-Stilbene. A rigid, planar asymmetric top in the zero-point vibrational levels of its S0 and S1 electronic states , 1990 .

[190]  H. Nakanishi,et al.  Calculations of structures of styrenes and stilbenes by molecular mechanics , 1989 .

[191]  K. Meerholz,et al.  Novel oligo(phenylenevinylenes): models for the charging of extended .pi. chains , 1991 .

[192]  R. Hochstrasser,et al.  Femtosecond laser study of the alignment of reactant and products in the photoisomerization reactions of cis-stilbene , 1991 .

[193]  Tetsuo Tsutsui,et al.  Optical third-harmonic generation from poly(p-phenylenevinylene) thin films , 1987 .

[194]  B. Walker,et al.  The stereochemistry of Wittig reactions of ylide-anions derived from semi-stabilized phosphonium ylides , 1988 .

[195]  H. Telle,et al.  Laser properties of triazinyl-stilbene compounds☆ , 1978 .

[196]  W. Winter,et al.  Photochemie des 1,3,5‐Tristyrylbenzols , 1984 .

[197]  N. Turro,et al.  Mechanisms of Photochemical Reactions in Solution. XXII.1 Photochemical cis-trans Isomerization , 1964 .

[198]  V. Percec,et al.  Can the rigidity of a side-chain liquid-crystalline polymer backbone influence the mechanism of distortion of its random-coil conformation? , 1990 .

[199]  J. Saltiel,et al.  Photosensitized Cis-Trans Isomerization of the Stilbenes , 1962 .

[200]  J. Jortner,et al.  Dynamics of trans-cis isomerization of stilbene in supersonic jets , 1983 .

[201]  D. Waldeck,et al.  Implications for multidimensional effects on isomerization dynamics: Photoisomerization study of 4,4’‐dimethylstilbene in n‐alkane solvents , 1989 .

[202]  A. Tol,et al.  Photochemistry of 2-vinylstilbene, 1,2-distyrylbenzene, and 2,2'-distyrylbiphenyl absorbed on silica gel. Influence of ground-state conformers on formation of photoproducts , 1986 .

[203]  H. Meier,et al.  Doppelte Photocyclodimerisation des o-Distyrylbenzols , 1970 .

[204]  D. Waldeck,et al.  Solvent dielectric effects on isomerization dynamics: Investigation of the photoisomerization of 4,4’‐dimethoxystilbene and t‐stilbene in n‐alkyl nitriles , 1989 .

[205]  B. Guérin,et al.  3-Methyl-4-methoxy-4′-nitrostilbene (MMONS): Crystal structure of a highly efficient material for second-harmonic generation , 1989 .

[206]  David J. Williams.  Organische polymere und nichtpolymere Materialien mit guten nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften , 1984 .