Review of recent developments in distance protection of series capacitor compensated lines

Abstract Introduction of series capacitors in transmission lines can cause problems with reliability and security of distance protection, due to problems such as current inversion, voltage inversion and sub-synchronous oscillation. Distance protection is widely used for transmission lines and has desirable features not available from traditional alternatives, which has motivated attempts to adapt it to work better with series capacitors. Research and development in overcoming the challenges using distance protection in series compensated lines have also been actively pursued during this period. Thus there is a need to summarize and systematically categorize developments, to show recent trends and highlight further research opportunities. This paper aims to fill that gap by a thorough literature survey of distance protection of series compensated lines, including a clear background of the problems that need to be solved. The scope of this work is limited to distance protection schemes that work with local measurements only. It is observed that the developments in this domain are largely concentrated on voltage drop estimation across capacitor bank, phasor estimation and adaptive protection schemes. This work will provide an overview of the latest developments for experienced researchers and will be a reference for new researchers interested in this domain.

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