Virtual Social Identity and Consumer Behavior

The creation and expression of identity (or of multiple identities) in immersive computer-mediated environments (CMEs) is rapidly transforming consumer behavior. The various social networking and gaming sites have millions of registered users worldwide, and major corporations are beginning to attempt to reach and entice the growing flood of consumers occupying these virtual worlds. Despite this huge potential, however, experts know very little about the best way to talk to consumers in these online environments. How will well-established research findings from the offline world transfer to CMEs? That's where "Virtual Social Identity and Consumer Behavior" comes in. Written by two of the leading experts in the field, it presents cutting-edge academic research on virtual social identity, explores consumer behavior in virtual worlds, and offers important implications for marketers interested in working in these environments. The book provides special insight into the largest and fastest growing group of users - kids and teens. There is no better source for understanding the impact of virtual social identities on consumers, consumer behavior, and electronic commerce.

[1]  J. Hagel,et al.  The Real Value of Online Communities , 2000 .

[2]  Petra Schubert,et al.  Virtual Communities of Transaction: The Role of Personalization in Electronic Commerce , 2000, Electron. Mark..

[3]  Kellar Melanie,et al.  Motivational Factors in Game Play in Two User Groups , 2005 .

[4]  T. L. Taylor,et al.  Living Digitally: Embodiment in Virtual Worlds , 2002 .

[5]  Grant Mccracken The long interview , 1988 .

[6]  Nicolas Esposito Immersion in Game Atmospheres for the Video Game Heritage Preservation , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[7]  M. Meadows,et al.  I, Avatar: The Culture and Consequences of Having a Second Life , 2007 .

[8]  J. G. Beard,et al.  Measuring Leisure Motivation , 1983 .

[9]  P. Herr,et al.  Consequences of priming: Judgment and behavior. , 1986 .

[10]  S. Levy Symbols for Sale , 1999 .

[11]  A. Rubin,et al.  Predictors of Internet Use , 2000 .

[12]  Jerold L. Hale,et al.  Nonverbal expectancy violations: Model elaboration and application to immediacy behaviors , 1988 .

[13]  Calvin S. Hall,et al.  Theories of Personality , 1958 .

[14]  R. Kozinets Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek’s Culture of Consumption , 2001 .

[15]  R. Kozinets E-tribalized Marketing?: The Strategic Implications of Virtual Communities of Consumption , 1999 .

[16]  Fred D. Davis Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology , 1989, MIS Q..

[17]  R. Kozinets On Netnography: Initial Reflections on Consumer Research Investigations of Cyberculture , 1998 .

[18]  N. Ambady,et al.  Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. , 1992 .

[19]  In the eyes of the beholder: The relevance of skin tone and facial features of African American female models to advertising effectiveness , 2000 .

[20]  E. Deci,et al.  The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior , 2000 .

[21]  Licinio Roque,et al.  Players as Authors: Conjecturing Online Game Creation Modalities and Infrastructure , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[22]  P. Kollock,et al.  Communities in Cyberspace , 2002 .

[23]  Paul Skalski,et al.  The Role of Social Presence in Interactive Agent-Based Persuasion , 2007 .

[24]  Frank Biocca,et al.  The Cyborg's Dilemma: Progressive Embodiment in Virtual Environments , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[25]  E. Perse Media involvement and local news effects , 1990 .

[26]  J. Cassell,et al.  Embodied conversational agents , 2000 .

[27]  E. Maccoby,et al.  Gender and relationships. A developmental account. , 1990, The American psychologist.

[28]  B. Depaulo,et al.  Detecting the deceit of the motivated liar. , 1983 .

[29]  Wagner James Au The Making of Second Life: Notes from the New World , 2008 .

[30]  S. Stern Expressions of Identity Online: Prominent Features and Gender Differences in Adolescents' World Wide Web Home Pages , 2004 .

[31]  Terry L. Childers,et al.  HEDONIC AND UTILITARIAN MOTIVATIONS FOR ONLINE RETAIL SHOPPING BEHAVIOR , 2001 .

[32]  Joan Meyers-Levy,et al.  Moderators of the Impact of Self-Reference on Persuasion , 1996 .

[33]  L. Festinger A Theory of Social Comparison Processes , 1954 .

[34]  Verbal Aggression in Computer-Mediated Decision Making , 2001, Psychological reports.

[35]  Avery Alix Beyond P-1: Who Plays Online? , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[36]  A. Eagly Sex differences in social behavior : a social-role interpretation , 1987 .

[37]  Craig J Thompson Interpreting Consumers: A Hermeneutical Framework for Deriving Marketing Insights from the Texts of Consumers’ Consumption Stories , 1997 .

[38]  Howard Rheingold,et al.  The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier , 2000 .

[39]  Kristine L. Nowak The Influence of Anthropomorphism and Agency on Social Judgment in Virtual Environments , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[40]  G. Mead,et al.  L'esprit, le soi et la société , 1963 .

[41]  G. Breakwell Coping With Threatened Identities , 1986 .

[42]  S. Wall,et al.  An Autoethnography on Learning About Autoethnography , 2006 .

[43]  R. Belk Exchange Taboos From an Interpretive Perspective , 2005 .

[44]  Karen Horney,et al.  Our inner conflicts , 1945 .

[45]  Jyun-Cheng Wang,et al.  Are personalization systems really personal? - effects of conformity in reducing information , 2003, 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the.

[46]  L. Greenberg Change process research. , 1986, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[47]  Christoph Klimmt,et al.  Explaining the enjoyment of playing video games: the role of competition , 2003, ICEC.

[48]  Jerry Wind,et al.  Customerization: The next revolution in mass customization , 2001 .

[49]  E. Durkheim FROM THE ELEMENTARY FORMS OF THE RELIGIOUS LIFE , 1996, The New Economic Sociology.

[50]  William B. Locander,et al.  Putting Consumer Experience Back into Consumer Research: The Philosophy and Method of Existential-Phenomenology , 1989 .

[51]  Denis Darpy,et al.  Du soi au groupe : Naissance du concept du nous et exploration d'une échelle de mesure du nous idéal , 2003 .

[52]  H. Kelman PROCESSES OF OPINION CHANGE , 1961 .

[53]  Michael Argyle,et al.  The social psychology of everyday life , 1992 .

[54]  Jennifer Jenson,et al.  Her Own Boss: Gender and the Pursuit of Incompetent Play , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[55]  Satu Heliö Simulating the Storytelling Qualities of Life: Telling Stories with the Sims , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[56]  Leila Bowman,et al.  in the office , 1961 .

[57]  Christopher A. Miller,et al.  Human-Computer Etiquette: MANAGING EXPECTIONS with INTENTIONAL AGENTS , 2004 .

[58]  Robin M. Kowalski,et al.  Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors , 1997 .

[59]  Antonella De Angeli,et al.  I hate you! Disinhibition with virtual partners , 2008, Interact. Comput..

[60]  R. Larson,et al.  Developmental patterns and gender differences in the experience of peer companionship during adolescence. , 1998, Child development.

[61]  A. Waterman,et al.  Ego Identity: A Handbook for Psychosocial Research , 1993 .

[62]  Sara Mosberg Iversen Challenge Balance and Diversity: Playing TheSims and TheSims2 , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[63]  E. Grubb,et al.  Perception of Self, Generalized Stereotypes, and Brand Selection , 1968 .

[64]  Yu-Chen Chen,et al.  The value of participation in virtual consumer communities on brand loyalty , 2006, Internet Res..

[65]  Rupert Brown Social identity theory: past achievements, current problems and future challenges , 2000 .

[66]  Basil G. Englis,et al.  Personalisation of Online Avatars: Is the Messenger As Important As the Message? , 2005 .

[67]  T. L. Taylor,et al.  Power games just want to have fun?: instrumental play in a MMOG , 2003, DiGRA Conference.

[68]  R. Wilk A critique of desire: Distaste and dislike in consumer behavior , 1997 .

[69]  Kristopher J Preacher,et al.  SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models , 2004, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[70]  B. Shiv,et al.  Heart and Mind in Conflict: The Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making , 1999 .

[71]  T. Abel,et al.  Mind, Self, and Society , 1934 .

[72]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  Online Consumer Trust and Live Help Interfaces: The Effects of Text-to-Speech Voice and Three-Dimensional Avatars , 2005, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[73]  R. Belk,et al.  The Fire of Desire: A Multisited Inquiry into Consumer Passion , 2003 .

[74]  Eric J. Arnould,et al.  “My Favorite Things”: A Cross-Cultural Inquiry into Object Attachment, Possessiveness, and Social Linkage , 1988 .

[75]  Sherrie Y. X Weiquan Izak Komiak,et al.  Trust Building in Virtual Salespersons Versus in Human Salespersons: Similarities and Differences , 2004 .

[76]  Chris Janiszewski,et al.  The Influence of Avatars on Online Consumer Shopping Behavior , 2006 .

[77]  T. L. Taylor,et al.  Life in Virtual Worlds , 1999 .

[78]  A. Kristen,et al.  What Attracts Children , 2006 .

[79]  Annette N. Markham,et al.  Life Online: Researching Real Experience in Virtual Space , 1998 .

[80]  The Effectiveness of “Typical-User” Testimonial Advertisements on Black and White Browsers' Evaluations of Products on Commercial Websites: Do They Really Work? , 2007, Journal of Advertising Research.

[81]  J. E. Swan,et al.  Customer Trust in the Salesperson: An Integrative Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature , 1999 .

[82]  L. DeBruine,et al.  Trustworthy but not lust-worthy: context-specific effects of facial resemblance , 2005, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[83]  Crystal L. Hoyt,et al.  Immersive Virtual Environment Technology as a Methodological Tool for Social Psychology , 2002 .

[84]  J. Bailenson,et al.  Digital Chameleons , 2005, Psychological science.

[85]  M. Sujan,et al.  Consumer Knowledge: Effects on Evaluation Strategies Mediating Consumer Judgments , 1985 .

[86]  Gerald Häubl,et al.  Buyer Behavior in Personalized Shopping Environments , 2004, Designing Personalized User Experiences in eCommerce.

[87]  Ming-Hui Huang,et al.  Information load: its relationship to online exploratory and shopping behavior , 2000, Int. J. Inf. Manag..

[88]  Ivan Ross,et al.  Self-Concept and Brand Preference , 1971 .

[89]  E. Hirschman,et al.  The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feelings, and Fun , 1982 .

[90]  B. Sternthal,et al.  The Effects of Knowledge, Motivation, and Type of Message on Ad Processing and Product Judgments , 1990 .

[91]  Scott Knight,et al.  The Narrative and Ludic Nexus in Computer Games: Diverse Worlds II , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[92]  R. L. Holbert,et al.  The Importance of Indirect Effects in Media Effects Research: Testing for Mediation in Structural Equation Modeling , 2003 .

[93]  M. Maffesoli The Time of the Tribes: The Decline of Individualism in Mass Society , 1995 .

[94]  N. Ambady,et al.  Half a minute: Predicting teacher evaluations from thin slices of nonverbal behavior and physical attractiveness. , 1993 .

[95]  David M. Hayano,et al.  Auto-Ethnography: Paradigms, Problems, and Prospects , 1979 .

[96]  V. Rideout,et al.  Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-Year-Olds , 2010 .

[97]  Michel Tuan Pham,et al.  Ideals and Oughts and the Reliance of Affect Versus Substance in Persuasion , 2004 .

[98]  R. Belk Possessions and the Extended Self , 1988 .

[99]  A. Enders,et al.  The long tail of social networking.: Revenue models of social networking sites , 2008 .

[100]  Kate Stewart,et al.  Researching online populations: the use of online focus groups for social research , 2005 .

[101]  E. Erikson Identity, youth, and crisis , 1968 .

[102]  Alexander Serenko,et al.  Are interface agents scapegoats? Attributions of responsibility in human-agent interaction , 2007, Interact. Comput..

[103]  Kim Guenther Pull up a chair and stay awhile: Strategies to maximize site stickiness , 2004 .

[104]  M. R. Solomon The Role of Products as Social Stimuli: A Symbolic Interactionism Perspective , 1983 .

[105]  I. Simonson,et al.  The effect of product assortment on buyer preferences 4 4 The paper has benefited from the comments , 1999 .

[106]  AchterboschLeigh,et al.  Massively multiplayer online role-playing games , 2008 .

[107]  T. L. Taylor Multiple Pleasures , 2003 .

[108]  Michael T. Elliott,et al.  Factors that Affect Attitude Toward a Retail Web Site , 2005 .

[109]  B. Glaser Doing grounded theory : issues and discussions , 1998 .

[110]  T. Chartrand,et al.  THE UNBEARABLE AUTOMATICITY OF BEING , 1999 .

[111]  Linda L. Price,et al.  River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter , 1993 .

[112]  Osei Appiah,et al.  Americans Online: Differences in Surfing and Evaluating Race-Targeted Web Site: by Black and White Users , 2003 .

[113]  Young Bryan-Mitchell Gaming Mind, Gaming Body: The Mind/Body Split For a New Era , 2005 .

[114]  Subhash Sharma,et al.  Consumer Ethnocentrism: Construction and Validation of the CETSCALE: , 1987 .

[115]  V. Turner,et al.  The Ritual Process. Structure and Anti-Structure , 1978 .

[116]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[117]  R. Baumeister,et al.  The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[118]  C. Hoffner Children's wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters , 1996 .

[119]  Ralph Schroeder Social Interaction in Virtual Environments: Key Issues, Common Themes, and a Framework for Research , 2005 .

[120]  Russell W. Belk,et al.  Extended self and possessions in the workplace , 2005 .

[121]  D. Peppers,et al.  Is your company ready for one-to-one marketing? , 1999, Harvard business review.

[122]  B. Depaulo,et al.  Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[123]  Robert M. Schindler,et al.  Internet forums as influential sources of consumer information , 2001 .

[124]  Peter McGoldrick,et al.  Virtual onscreen assistants: A viable strategy to support online customer relationship building? , 2007 .

[125]  Scott D. Johnson,et al.  Influences on consumer use of word-of-mouth recommendation sources , 1997 .

[126]  Brian H. Spitzberg,et al.  Appropriateness and Effectiveness Perceptions of Conflict Strategies , 1987 .

[127]  Kristine L. Nowak,et al.  The influence of anthropomorphism on mental models of agents and avatars in social virtual environments , 2000 .

[128]  J. Huizinga Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture , 1938 .

[129]  Alan M. Rubin,et al.  Impact of Motivation, Attraction, and Parasocial Interaction on Talk Radio listening , 2000 .

[130]  D. Holt Why Do Brands Cause Trouble? A Dialectical Theory of Consumer Culture and Branding , 2002 .

[131]  Christopher Warnes,et al.  Baldur's Gate and History: Race and Alignment in Digital Role-Playing Games , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[132]  Matthew Leighton Williams,et al.  Avatar watching: participant observation in graphical online environments , 2007 .

[133]  J. Phinney The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure , 1992 .

[134]  Martha G. Russell,et al.  The Impact of Perceived Channel Utilities, Shopping Orientations, and Demographics on the Consumer's Online Buying Behavior , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[135]  Justine Cassell,et al.  External manifestations of trustworthiness in the interface , 2000, CACM.

[136]  Nick Yee,et al.  The Demographics, Motivations, and Derived Experiences of Users of Massively Multi-User Online Graphical Environments , 2006, PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments.

[137]  J. V. Evra,et al.  Television and child development , 1990 .

[138]  Richard Bartle,et al.  Designing Virtual Worlds , 2003 .

[139]  Ralph Schroeder,et al.  Small-Group Behavior in a Virtual and Real Environment: A Comparative Study , 2000, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[140]  J. Bailenson,et al.  Transformed Facial Similarity as a Political Cue: A Preliminary Investigation , 2006 .

[141]  R. Betancourt,et al.  Demand Complementarities, Household Production, and Retail Assortments , 1990 .

[142]  Jinhee Kim,et al.  Interactivity and Persuasion , 2005 .

[143]  T. Chartrand,et al.  The chameleon effect: the perception-behavior link and social interaction. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[144]  Don Peppers,et al.  The One to One Future , 1993 .

[145]  S. Dupuis Naked Truths: Towards a Reflexive Methodology in Leisure Research , 1999 .

[146]  M. Sirgy,et al.  Using self-congruity and ideal congruity to predict purchase motivation , 1985 .

[147]  J. Zaichkowsky Measuring the Involvement Construct , 1985 .

[148]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Trust and TAM in Online Shopping: An Integrated Model , 2003, MIS Q..

[149]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. , 1996 .

[150]  J. Piaget,et al.  The Psychology of the Child , 1969 .

[151]  E. Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life , 1959 .

[152]  W. Apple,et al.  Speaking emotionally: The relation between verbal and vocal communication of affect. , 1982 .

[153]  A. Chernev Decision Focus and Consumer Choice Among Assortments , 2006 .

[154]  Alice M. Tybout,et al.  What Consumer Research Is , 1987 .

[155]  Amna Kirmani,et al.  Consumers' Use of Persuasion Knowledge: The Effects of Accessibility and Cognitive Capacity on Perceptions of an Influence Agent , 2000 .

[156]  Science versus humankind: the yin and yang of motivation theory , 2005 .

[157]  Richard S. Lazarus,et al.  On the Primacy of Cognition. , 1984 .

[158]  J. J. F. Sherry Gift Giving in Anthropological Perspective , 1983 .

[159]  Kelly Boudreau Role Theory: The Line Between Roles as Design and Socialization in EverQuest , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[160]  Javier Salazar On the Ontology of MMORPG Beings: A Theorethical Model for Research , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[161]  B. Pelham,et al.  Assessing the validity of implicit egotism: a reply to Gallucci (2003). , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[162]  R. Belk,et al.  The Mountain Man Myth: A Contemporary Consuming Fantasy , 1998 .

[163]  M. Brewer The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time , 1991 .

[164]  R. Zajonc On the primacy of affect. , 1984 .

[165]  G. Zinkhan,et al.  Self-concept and advertising effectiveness: The influence of congruency, conspicuousness, and response mode , 1995 .

[166]  William R. Leach Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture , 1993 .

[167]  Anita P. Barbee,et al.  Social allergies in romantic relationships: Behavioral repetition, emotional sensitization, and dissatisfaction in dating couples , 2005 .

[168]  Andrew Stern,et al.  Build It to Understand It: Ludology Meets Narratology in Game Design Space , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[169]  M. Mandel,et al.  Local Roles and Social Networks , 1983 .

[170]  David Godes,et al.  Using Online Conversations to Study Word-of-Mouth Communication , 2004 .

[171]  R. Rice,et al.  Social Consequences of Internet Use: Access, Involvement, and Interaction , 2002 .

[172]  Jerold L. Hale,et al.  Validation and measurement of the fundamental themes of relational communication , 1987 .

[173]  B. Kahn Dynamic relationships with customers: High-variety strategies , 1998 .

[174]  J. Twitchell Carnival Culture: The Trashing of Taste in America , 1992 .

[175]  B. Bushman,et al.  Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[176]  B. Barber Consumed: How Markets Corrupt Children, Infantilize Adults, and Swallow Citizens Whole , 2007 .

[177]  Youngme Moon Intimate Exchanges: Using Computers to Elicit Self-Disclosure from Consumers , 2000 .

[178]  Charles V. Trappey,et al.  Consumer Driven Computer Game Design , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[179]  P. Sunderland,et al.  Doing Anthropology in Consumer Research , 2007 .

[180]  Jagdish N. Sheth,et al.  A Psychological Model of Travel Mode Selection , 1976 .

[181]  A. Mehrabian,et al.  Immediacy: an indicator of attitudes in linguistic communication. , 1966, Journal of personality.

[182]  C. Campbell The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism Oxford: Blackwell , 1989 .

[183]  K. Keeling,et al.  A typology of roles for avatars in online retailing , 2008 .

[184]  Antonella De Angeli,et al.  Personifying the e-Market: A Framework for Social Agents , 2001, INTERACT.

[185]  Robert L. Leahy,et al.  The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective , 2001, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[186]  S. Hunt,et al.  The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing , 1994 .

[187]  Rohit Deshpandé,et al.  A Tale of Two Cities: Distinctiveness Theory and Advertising Effectiveness , 1994 .

[188]  M. Rokeach,et al.  The Open and Closed Mind , 1960 .

[189]  O. John,et al.  Automatic vigilance: the attention-grabbing power of negative social information. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[190]  Robert E. Kleine,et al.  How Is a Possession “Me” or “Not Me”? Characterizing Types and an Antecedent of Material Possession Attachment , 1995 .

[191]  J. Mccroskey,et al.  THE EFFECT OF INTERACTION BEHAVIOR ON SOURCE CREDIBILITY, HOMOPHILY, AND INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION , 1974 .

[192]  Susan P. Ashdown,et al.  Virtual Fit of Apparel on the Internet: Current Technology and Future Needs , 2009 .

[193]  Anne M. Brumbaugh,et al.  Nontarget Markets and Viewer Distinctiveness: The Impact of Target Marketing on Advertising Attitudes , 2000 .

[194]  Charles J. Kacmar,et al.  Developing and Validating Trust Measures for e-Commerce: An Integrative Typology , 2002, Inf. Syst. Res..

[195]  Mark Wallace,et al.  Second Life: The Official Guide , 2006 .

[196]  Frank Biocca,et al.  The Effects of Anthropomorphic Agents on Advertising Effectiveness and the Mediating Role of Presence , 2001 .

[197]  Traugott König Sartre, Jean-Paul , 2004 .

[198]  Joel B. Cohen,et al.  Affect Monitoring and the Primacy of Feelings in Judgment , 2001 .

[199]  Eric Yorkston,et al.  A Sound Idea: Phonetic Effects of Brand Names on Consumer Judgments , 2004 .

[200]  N. Denzin,et al.  Handbook of Qualitative Research , 1994 .

[201]  Qimei Chen,et al.  Attitude Toward the Site , 1999 .

[202]  G. Laurent,et al.  Measuring Consumer Involvement Profiles , 1985 .

[203]  Morris B. Holbrook,et al.  Customer value and autoethnography: subjective personal introspection and the meanings of a photograph collection , 2005 .

[204]  K. Gergen The saturated self : dilemmas of identity in contemporary life , 1991 .

[205]  Lorna Doucet SERVICE PROVIDER HOSTILITY AND SERVICE QUALITY , 2004 .

[206]  John L. Sherry,et al.  Sex Differences in Video Game Play: , 2004, Commun. Res..

[207]  Osei Appiah,et al.  Effects of Ethnic Identification on Web Browsers’ Attitudes toward and Navigational Patterns on Race-Targeted Sites , 2004, Commun. Res..

[208]  Angela Thomas,et al.  Textual Constructions of Children's Online Identities , 2000, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[209]  William R. Darden,et al.  Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value , 1994 .

[210]  M. Gilly,et al.  We Are What We Post? Self‐Presentation in Personal Web Space , 2003 .

[211]  Douglas A. Foley Critical ethnography: The reflexive turn , 2002 .

[212]  Marsha L. Richins,et al.  A Consumer Values Orientation for Materialism and Its Measurement: Scale Development and Validation , 1992 .

[213]  Jacques Nantel,et al.  My virtual model: Virtual reality comes into fashion , 2004 .

[214]  A. Giddens Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age , 1992, The New Social Theory Reader.

[215]  V. Richmond,et al.  An inductive analysis of verbal immediacy: Alternative conceptualization of relational verbal approach/avoidance strategies , 1998 .

[216]  Dana Mastro,et al.  A social identity approach to understanding the impact of television messages , 2003 .

[217]  T. Ito,et al.  Ambiguity and the Timecourse of Racial Perception , 2006 .

[218]  John F. Sherry,et al.  The Sacred and the Profane in Consumer Behavior: Theodicy on the Odyssey , 1989 .

[219]  C. Nass,et al.  When a Talking-Face Computer Agent Is Half-Human and Half-Humanoid: Human Identity and Consistency Preference. , 2007 .

[220]  Katelyn Y. A. McKenna,et al.  Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the "true self" on the Internet. , 2002 .

[221]  Sriram Kalyanaraman,et al.  AROUSAL, MEMORY, AND IMPRESSION-FORMATION EFFECTS OF ANIMATION SPEED IN WEB ADVERTISING , 2004 .

[222]  Marye Tharp Marketing and Consumer Identity in Multicultural America , 2001 .

[223]  Daniel G. McDonald,et al.  I'm not a real doctor, but I play one in virtual reality: implications of virtual reality for judgments about reality , 1992 .

[224]  Snootfull not at all.... , 2009 .

[225]  Neil K. Allison A Psychometric Development of a Test for Consumer Alienation from the Marketplace , 1978 .

[226]  K. Grayson The dangers and opportunities of playful consumption , 1999 .

[227]  D. Norman Emotional design : why we love (or hate) everyday things , 2004 .

[228]  Susanne van Mulken,et al.  The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research , 2000, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[229]  N. Malhotra Self concept and product choice: an integrated perspective , 1988 .

[230]  R. Dhar,et al.  Consumer Choice between Hedonic and Utilitarian Goods , 2000 .

[231]  J. Schouten Selves in Transition: Symbolic Consumption in Personal Rites of Passage and Identity Reconstruction , 1991 .

[232]  Cliff Lampe,et al.  The Benefits of Facebook "Friends: " Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[233]  William T. Ross,et al.  Making Inferences about Missing Information: The Effects of Existing Information , 1992 .

[234]  Gerald Häubl,et al.  Choice in Interactive Environments , 2005 .

[235]  S. Chaiken,et al.  Dual-process theories in social psychology , 1999 .

[236]  Donal E. Carlston,et al.  Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations. , 1989 .

[237]  S. Turkle Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet , 1997 .

[238]  K. March,et al.  CSI: New @ York Development of Forensic Evidence Collection Guidelines for the Emergency Department , 2010, Critical care nursing quarterly.

[239]  Peter McGoldrick,et al.  On‐screen characters: their design and influence on consumer trust , 2006 .

[240]  A. Rubin,et al.  LONELINESS, PARASOCIAL INTERACTION, AND LOCAL TELEVISION NEWS VIEWING , 1985 .

[241]  R. Kozinets The Field behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities , 2002 .

[242]  Belinda Morrissey Crises of representation, or why don't feminists talk about Myra? , 2002 .

[243]  Susan Harter,et al.  Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life-span perspective. , 1990 .

[244]  E. Arnould,et al.  Reflections and Reviews Consumer Culture Theory (CCT): Twenty Years of Research , 2005 .

[245]  Alice M. Tybout,et al.  The Moderating Role of Prior Knowledge in Schema-Based Product Evaluation , 1996 .

[246]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  Trust In and Adoption of Online Recommendation Agents , 2005, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[247]  Carolyn Ellis,et al.  Sociological Introspection and Emotional Experience , 1991 .

[248]  Thomas C. O ’Guinn and Albert M. Muñiz Communal consumption and the brand , 2005 .

[249]  Renata Gomes The design of narrative as an immersive simulation , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[250]  N. Malhotra Information Load and Consumer Decision Making , 1982 .

[251]  Todd J. Arnold,et al.  Individual Differences in the Centrality of Visual Product Aesthetics: Concept and Measurement , 2003 .

[252]  S. Sénécal,et al.  The influence of online product recommendations on consumers' online choices , 2004 .

[253]  J. Sartre,et al.  Being and nothingness : a phenomenological essay on ontology , 1992 .

[254]  A. Maslow,et al.  Higher and lower needs. , 1948, The Journal of psychology.

[255]  Timothy R. Graeff,et al.  Using promotional messages to manage the effects of brand and self‐image on brand evaluations , 1996 .

[256]  Russell B. Hilliard,et al.  Single-case methodology in psychotherapy process and outcome research. , 1993, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[257]  Dwayne D. Gremler,et al.  Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet? , 2004 .

[258]  Gerald L. Lohse,et al.  DESIGNING MARKETPLACES OF THE ARTIFICIAL: FOUR APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENTS , 2004 .

[259]  Howard L. Fromkin,et al.  Uniqueness, the human pursuit of difference , 1980 .

[260]  Joydeep Srivastava,et al.  Effect of Face Value on Product Valuation in Foreign Currencies , 2002 .

[261]  D. Holt Does Cultural Capital Structure American Consumption , 1998 .

[262]  T. Mussweiler Comparison processes in social judgment: mechanisms and consequences. , 2003, Psychological review.

[263]  M. Sirgy,et al.  Self-Concept in Consumer Behavior: A Critical Review , 1982 .

[264]  G. Ritzer,et al.  The consumer society reader , 2001 .

[265]  D. Mcclelland The need for Power, sympathetic activation, and illness , 1982 .

[266]  Cara Peters,et al.  Web‐Based Chatting: Consumer Communication in Cyberspace , 2003 .

[267]  M. Hagerty Testing Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: National Quality-of-Life Across Time , 1999 .

[268]  Tommy E. Whittler The Effects of Actors' Race in Commercial Advertising: Review and Extension , 1991 .

[269]  J. Buzard On Auto-Ethnographic Authority , 2003 .

[270]  Clifford Nass,et al.  Designing social presence of social actors in human computer interaction , 2003, CHI '03.

[271]  D. Ruble,et al.  Strategies for comparative evaluation: Maintaining a sense of competence across the life span. , 1990 .

[272]  S. West,et al.  A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. , 2002, Psychological methods.

[273]  Emanuel Rosen,et al.  The Anatomy of Buzz: How to Create Word of Mouth Marketing , 2000 .

[274]  L. DeBruine Facial resemblance enhances trust , 2002, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[275]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  The Role of Attitude toward the Ad as a Mediator of Advertising Effectiveness: A Test of Competing Explanations: , 1986 .

[276]  Eric T. Bradlow,et al.  Agents to the Rescue? , 1999 .

[277]  W. Mcguire,et al.  Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one's ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. , 1978, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[278]  M. Ferguson,et al.  Beyond behaviorism: on the automaticity of higher mental processes. , 2000, Psychological bulletin.

[279]  R. Bharat Rao,et al.  Browsers or Buyers in Cyberspace? An Investigation of Factors Influencing Electronic Exchange , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[280]  William O. Bearden,et al.  Attention to Social Comparison Information: An Individual Difference Factor Affecting Consumer Conformity , 1990 .

[281]  Robert J. Moore,et al.  The social side of gaming: a study of interaction patterns in a massively multiplayer online game , 2004, CSCW.

[282]  John C. Turner,et al.  Stereotyping and Social Reality , 1994 .

[283]  Edward Castronova The Price of Bodies: A Hedonic Pricing Model of Avatar Attributes in a Synthetic World , 2004 .

[284]  Satya Menon,et al.  Trust me, would i steer you wrong? the influence of peer recommendations within virtual communities , 2002 .

[285]  Russell W. Belk,et al.  Collecting in a consumer society , 1995 .

[286]  C. Nass,et al.  Social-Psychological Origins of Feelings of Presence: Creating Social Presence With Machine-Generated Voices , 2005 .

[287]  Edward Castronova,et al.  Virtual Worlds: A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier , 2001, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[288]  M. Csíkszentmihályi Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience , 1990 .

[289]  S. Boorman,et al.  Social structure from multiple networks: I , 1976 .

[290]  Nicola Morelli,et al.  Mass Customization and Personalization , 2010 .

[291]  John Suler,et al.  The psychology of cyberspace , 2004 .

[292]  Y. Ekinci,et al.  An investigation of self-concept: actual and ideal self-congruence compared in the context of service evaluation , 2003 .

[293]  B. Depaulo,et al.  Lying in everyday life. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[294]  R. Linton The Study of Man , 1937 .

[295]  S. Shyam Sundar,et al.  The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content in Web Portals: Does Customization Affect Attitudes and Behavior? , 2006 .

[296]  Eric J. Arnould,et al.  Older Consumers' Disposition of Special Possessions , 2000 .

[297]  Charmine Härtel,et al.  Intercultural service encounters: an exploratory study of customer experiences , 2004 .

[298]  Mervyn A. Jack,et al.  Experimental assessment of the effectiveness of synthetic personae for multi-modal e-retail applications , 2000, AGENTS '00.

[299]  R. Burt Toward a Structural Theory of Action: Network Models of Social Structure , 1985 .

[300]  N. Yee,et al.  The psychology of massively multi-user online role-playing games: Motivations , 2005 .

[301]  M. F. Luce,et al.  Constructive Consumer Choice Processes , 1998 .

[302]  Andrew D. Gershoff,et al.  Recommendation or Evaluation? Task Sensitivity in Information Source Selection , 2001 .

[303]  Diane Carr,et al.  Contexts, pleasures and preferences: girls playing computer games , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[304]  J. Coleman,et al.  Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital , 1988, American Journal of Sociology.

[305]  D. S. Taylor,et al.  A Methodological Examination of Cultivation , 1988 .

[306]  J. Reaser,et al.  Delimiting perceptual cues used for the ethnic labeling of African American and European American voices , 2004 .

[307]  E. Erikson Childhood and Society , 1965 .

[308]  Daniel Pargman,et al.  Law, order and conflicts of interest in massively multiplayer online games , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[309]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: autobiographical narratives about anger. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[310]  S. Sundar Self as source: Agency and customization in interactive media , 2008 .

[311]  Norman Y. Foo Social Agents , 2007, Australian Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

[312]  David Myers /hide: The aesthetics of group and solo play , 2005, DiGRA Conference.

[313]  J. Jacoby,et al.  Brand Choice Behavior as a Function of Information Load: Replication and Extension , 1974 .

[314]  B. Pelham,et al.  The waxing and waning of the social self: Assimilation and contrast in social comparison. , 1995 .

[315]  J. E. Russo,et al.  More Information Is Better: A Reevaluation of Jacoby, Speller and Kohn , 1974 .

[316]  Jeremy N. Bailenson,et al.  The Unbearable Likeness of Being Digital: The Persistence of Nonverbal Social Norms in Online Virtual Environments , 2007, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[317]  Christian Rauh,et al.  The Influence of the Avatar on Online Perceptions of Anthropomorphism, Androgyny, Credibility, Homophily, and Attraction , 2005, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..