Real-Time Localization and Tracking of Multiple Radio-Tagged Animals with an Autonomous Aerial Vehicle System

Autonomous aerial robots provide new possibilities to study the habitats and behaviors of endangered species through the efficient gathering of location information at temporal and spatial granularities not possible with traditional manual survey methods. We present a novel autonomous aerial vehicle system to track and localize multiple radio-tagged animals. The simplicity of measuring the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values of VHF (Very High Frequency) radio-collars commonly used in the field is exploited to realize a low cost and lightweight tracking platform suitable for integration with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Due to uncertainty and the nonlinearity of the system based on RSSI measurements, our tracking and localising approach integrate Particle Filtering for tracking and localization with Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) for dynamic path planning to navigate in a direction of maximum information gain to locate multiple mobile animals and reduce exploration time and, consequently, conserve onboard battery power. We also employ the concept of a search termination criteria to maximize the number of located animals within the power constraints of the aerial system. We validated our online approach that executes in real time through both extensive simulations and Software In The Loop (SITL) experiments with multiple mobile radio-tags.