The toxicity and adverse effects of selected drugs in animals--overview.

Therapeutic products quite often are causes of poisoning in both small and large animals. Drug poisonings in animals occur commonly due to off-label use of medicines, wrong dosage, negligence, accidental ingestion and deliberate poisonings. Toxicity of veterinary drugs may become evident also in therapeutic doses when adverse effects may occur. The aim of this review is to inform veterinary specialists about both veterinary and human drugs, specifically antiparasitics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other medicinal substances, which are most often reported to cause acute poisonings or adverse reactions in animals and to contribute to. their broader knowledge and more accurate use of medicines, improving instructions to the animal owners and, hopefully, decrease the incidence of drug poisonings in animals.

[1]  W. Hsu.  Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology , 2013 .

[2]  A. Tong,et al.  The presence of acidic and neutral drugs in treated sewage effluents and receiving waters in the Cornwallis and Annapolis River watersheds and the Mill CoveSewage Treatment Plant in Nova Scotia, Canada. , 2012, Environmental research.

[3]  J. M. Bravo-San Pedro,et al.  Fipronil is a powerful uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation that triggers apoptosis in human neuronal cell line SHSY5Y. , 2011, Neurotoxicology.

[4]  A. Kuriyama,et al.  Metronidazole-Induced Central Nervous System Toxicity: A Systematic Review , 2011, Clinical neuropharmacology.

[5]  T. Olivry,et al.  Metaflumizone-amitraz (Promeris)-associated pustular acantholytic dermatitis in 22 dogs: evidence suggests contact drug-triggered pemphigus foliaceus. , 2011, Veterinary dermatology.

[6]  E. Ullerås,et al.  Developmental toxicity of albendazole and its three main metabolites in zebrafish embryos. , 2011, Reproductive Toxicology.

[7]  A. Autefage,et al.  Long-term efficacy and safety of firocoxib in the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis , 2011, Veterinary Record.

[8]  I. Cangul,et al.  Acute lasalocid poisoning in calves associated with off-label use. , 2011, Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics.

[9]  C. Wium,et al.  Amitraz poisoning in South Africa: A two year survey (2008–2009) , 2011, Clinical toxicology.

[10]  C. Müntener,et al.  Vigilance der Tierarzneimittel: Gemeldete unerwünschte Wirkungen im Jahr 2009 , 2010 .

[11]  F. Althaus,et al.  [Vigilance for veterinary medicinal products: declarations of adverse reactions in the year 2009]. , 2010, Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde.

[12]  K. Kısmet,et al.  Pathological and biochemical effects of therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of celecoxib in Wistar albino male rats , 2010, Drug and chemical toxicology.

[13]  T. G. Singh,et al.  Levamisole-induced reduction in seizure threshold: a possible role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated pathway , 2010, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.

[14]  M. Czopowicz,et al.  Zolpidem poisoning in a cat. , 2010, Australian veterinary journal.

[15]  I. Galeraud-Denis,et al.  An in vitro study on reproductive toxicology of Deltamethrin on rat spermatozoa , 2010, Andrologia.

[16]  P. Martino,et al.  Short communication: massive mortality in rabbits by maduramicin poisoning. , 2010 .

[17]  J. B. Case,et al.  Proximal duodenal perforation in three dogs following deracoxib administration. , 2010, Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association.

[18]  P. Toutain,et al.  Is the mechanisms of fipronil-induced thyroid disruption specific of the rat: Re-evaluation of fipronil thyroid toxicity in sheep? , 2010, Toxicology letters.

[19]  Sung-Yuan Hu,et al.  Torsades de pointes in amitraz poisoning. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[20]  L. Boland,et al.  Feline permethrin toxicity: Retrospective study of 42 cases , 2010, Journal of feline medicine and surgery.

[21]  H. Naegeli,et al.  Common poisonings in the horse. , 2010 .

[22]  A. Anadón,et al.  Use and abuse of pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids in veterinary medicine. , 2009, Veterinary journal.

[23]  K. Sasaki,et al.  Inhibitory effects of ketoconazole, cimetidine and erythromycin on hepatic CYP3A activities in cats. , 2009, The Journal of veterinary medical science.

[24]  M. Chaffin,et al.  Ivermectin toxicosis in three adult horses. , 2009, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[25]  I. E. El Hajj,et al.  Celecoxib-induced cholestatic liver failure requiring orthotopic liver transplantation. , 2009, World journal of gastroenterology.

[26]  S. Gwaltney-Brant,et al.  Ivermectin toxicosis in dogs: a retrospective study. , 2009, Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association.

[27]  M. Z. Khan,et al.  Effects of cypermethrin on some clinico-hemato-biochemical and pathological parameters in male dwarf goats (Capra hircus). , 2009, Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie.

[28]  M. Papich,et al.  Single-dose pharmacokinetics and genotoxicity of metronidazole in cats , 2009, Journal of feline medicine and surgery.

[29]  S. Budsberg,et al.  Effects of firocoxib and tepoxalin on healing in a canine gastric mucosal injury model. , 2009, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[30]  Rustin M. Moore,et al.  Pathophysiologic effects of phenylbutazone on the right dorsal colon in horses. , 2008, American Journal of Veterinary Research.

[31]  P. McCormick,et al.  Nimesulide associated fulminant hepatic failure , 2008, Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.

[32]  B. Puschner,et al.  Retinopathy associated with ivermectin toxicosis in two dogs. , 2008, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[33]  M. Saleemi,et al.  Toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species , 2008, Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A.

[34]  B. Kukanich.  A review of selected systemic antifungal drugs for use in dogs and cats , 2008 .

[35]  J. Lerut,et al.  Liver transplantation for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced liver failure: nimesulide as the first implicated compound , 2007, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[36]  O. Distl,et al.  Detection of the nt230(del4) MDR1 mutation in White Swiss Shepherd dogs: case reports of doramectin toxicosis, breed predisposition, and microsatellite analysis. , 2007, Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics.

[37]  N. Bates,et al.  Clinical effects and outcome of feline permethrin spot-on poisonings reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS), London , 2007, Journal of feline medicine and surgery.

[38]  E. Hardie,et al.  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review. , 2007, Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia.

[39]  K. G. Magdesian,et al.  Salinomycin toxicosis in horses. , 2007, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[40]  J. McGrath,et al.  Alterations in rabbit aorta induced by types I and II pyrethroids. , 2007, Environmental toxicology and pharmacology.

[41]  P. Steagall,et al.  Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs. , 2007, American journal of veterinary research.

[42]  J.,et al.  Effects of experimental amitraz intoxication in cats , 2007 .

[43]  M. Uzun,et al.  QT and QTc prolongation and decreased heart rate after IV administration of levamisole hydrochloride in conscious rabbits , 2007 .

[44]  E. Ausili,et al.  Loperamide cause of prolonged urinary retention after acute gastroenteritis. , 2007, European review for medical and pharmacological sciences.

[45]  S. Pancarcı,et al.  EFFECTS OF LEVAMISOLE ON PREGNANCY IN EWES , 2007 .

[46]  G. Lawson,et al.  Mortality associated with fenbendazole administration in pigeons (Columba livia). , 2006, Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS.

[47]  Jong-Hyeon Lee,et al.  Ecological hazard assessment of major veterinary benzimidazoles: Acute and chronic toxicities to aquatic microbes and invertebrates , 2006, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[48]  N. Scholz,et al.  The developmental neurotoxicity of fipronil: notochord degeneration and locomotor defects in zebrafish embryos and larvae. , 2006, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[49]  Michele A. Miller,et al.  Presumptive fenbendazole toxicosis in North American porcupines. , 2006, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[50]  H. Radwan,et al.  Genotoxical, teratological and biochemical effects of anthelmintic drug oxfendazole Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) in male and female mice. , 2006, Reproduction, nutrition, development.

[51]  K. Fent,et al.  Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals. , 2006, Aquatic toxicology.

[52]  A. Blikslager,et al.  Gastrointestinal tract perforation in dogs treated with a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor: 29 cases (2002-2003). , 2005, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[53]  J. Stark,et al.  Toxicity and hazard assessment of fipronil to Daphnia pulex. , 2005, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[54]  D. W. Hayden,et al.  Putative Metronidazole Neurotoxicosis in a Cat , 2005, Veterinary pathology.

[55]  V. Klauss,et al.  Selective COX-2 Inhibitors and Risk of Myocardial Infarction , 2005, Journal of Vascular Research.

[56]  U. Das.  COX-2 inhibitors and metabolism of essential fatty acids. , 2005, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[57]  R. Harris,et al.  Renal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. , 2005, Current pharmaceutical design.

[58]  Kyoung-Ah Kim,et al.  Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[59]  M. Slatkin,et al.  Breed distribution and history of canine mdr1-1Delta, a pharmacogenetic mutation that marks the emergence of breeds from the collie lineage. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[60]  I. Aroch,et al.  Accidental poisoning of 17 dogs with lasalocid , 2004, Veterinary Record.

[61]  D. G. Walters,et al.  Effect of thiabendazole on some rat hepatic xenobiotic metabolising enzymes. , 2004, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[62]  S. Turnquist,et al.  Bone marrow hypoplasia associated with fenbendazole administration in a dog. , 2004, Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association.

[63]  E. Hodgson,et al.  In vitro metabolism of fipronil by human and rat cytochrome P450 and its interactions with testosterone and diazepam. , 2004, Chemico-biological interactions.

[64]  L. Skálová,et al.  The effects of fenbendazole, flubendazole and mebendazole on activities of hepatic cytochromes P450 in pig. , 2004, Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics.

[65]  K. Monostory,et al.  Biochemical background of toxic interaction between tiamulin and monensin. , 2004, Chemico-biological interactions.

[66]  Aleem Ahmed Khan,et al.  Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan , 2004, Nature.

[67]  M. Saqib,et al.  Use of neostigmine in massive ivermectin toxicity in cats. , 2004, Veterinary and human toxicology.

[68]  J M Alvaro-Gracia,et al.  Licofelone--clinical update on a novel LOX/COX inhibitor for the treatment of osteoarthritis. , 2004, Rheumatology.

[69]  H. Erdoğan,et al.  The effects of levamisole poisoning on the haematological and biochemical parameters in dogs. , 2004, DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift.

[70]  P. Dalsenter,et al.  Reproductive adverse effects of fipronil in Wistar rats. , 2004, Toxicology letters.

[71]  K. Mitsumori,et al.  Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Testicular Toxicity of Oxfendazole in Rats , 2004, Toxicologic pathology.

[72]  Catherine Demory.  Parathormone et hyperparathyroïdie secondarie rénale , 2004 .

[73]  L. Trepanier,et al.  Loperamide toxicity in a collie with the MDR1 mutation associated with ivermectin sensitivity. , 2004, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[74]  I. Aroch,et al.  Doramectin toxicity in a collie , 2003, Veterinary Record.

[75]  R. Peveling,et al.  Toxicity and pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) and fipronil to the fringe‐toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili (Squamata: Lacertidae) , 2003, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[76]  H. Yoshimura.  Effect of oral dosing vehicles on the developmental toxicity of flubendazole in rats. , 2003, Reproductive toxicology.

[77]  A. Allen.  The diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicosis in a cat. , 2003, The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne.

[78]  J. Sallovitz,et al.  Placental and fetal toxicity of albendazole sulphoxide in Wistar rats. , 2003, Veterinary and human toxicology.

[79]  M. Bailey,et al.  Acyl glucuronide reactivity in perspective: biological consequences. , 2003, Chemico-biological interactions.

[80]  D. Levesque,et al.  Diazepam as a treatment for metronidazole toxicosis in dogs: a retrospective study of 21 cases. , 2003, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[81]  C. Bonar,et al.  Suspected Fenbendazole Toxicosis in 2 Vulture Species (Gyps africanus, Torgos tracheliotus) and Marabou Storks (Leptoptilos crumeniferus) , 2003 .

[82]  D. Greenblatt,et al.  Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) glucuronidation in vitro : assay development, human liver microsome activities and species differences , 2003, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

[83]  Sarah M MacNaughton.  Acetaminophen toxicosis in a Dalmatian. , 1964, The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne.

[84]  B. Clerc,et al.  Spontaneous feline hypertension: clinical and echocardiographic abnormalities, and survival rate. , 2003, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[85]  S. Allan,et al.  EVALUATION OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ACARICIDES FOR CONTROL OF THE AFRICAN TORTOISE TICK(AMBLYOMMA MARMOREUM) ON LEOPARDTORTOISES (GEOCHELONE PARDALIS) , 2009, Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

[86]  Michele A. Miller,et al.  Bone marrow hypoplasia and intestinal crypt cell necrosis associated with fenbendazole administration in five painted storks. , 2002, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[87]  S. Khan,et al.  A review of moxidectin overdose cases in equines from 1998 through 2000. , 2002, Veterinary and human toxicology.

[88]  M. Kogika,et al.  Common causes of poisoning in dogs and cats in a Brazilian veterinary teaching hospital from 1998 to 2000. , 2002, Veterinary and human toxicology.

[89]  S. Gwaltney-Brant,et al.  Clinical syndrome associated with zolpidem ingestion in dogs: 33 cases (January 1998-July 2000). , 2002, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[90]  S. Haskins,et al.  Ivermectin toxicity in 17 collies. , 2002, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[91]  M. Court.  Acetaminophen UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in ferrets: species and gender differences, and sequence analysis of ferret UGT1A6. , 2002, Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics.

[92]  A. Ogata,et al.  Chronic toxicity of thiabendazole (TBZ) in CD-1 mice. , 2001, Toxicology.

[93]  C. Brideau,et al.  In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats. , 2001, American journal of veterinary research.

[94]  G. Kullak-Ublick,et al.  Fatal hepatotoxicity secondary to nimesulide , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[95]  M. Cassimatis,et al.  Metronidazole neurotoxicosis in two cats. , 2001, Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association.

[96]  Y. Tada,et al.  Thiabendazole induces urinary tract toxicity in male ICR mice. , 2001, Toxicology.

[97]  J. Richardson,et al.  Ibuprofen Ingestion in Ferrets: 43 Cases January 1995–March 2000) , 2001 .

[98]  J. Errecalde,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin in normal horses and horses with experimental arthritis. , 2001, Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics.

[99]  J. Richardson,et al.  Ibuprofen Ingestion in Ferrets : 43 Cases ( January 1996-March 2000 ) by , 2001 .

[100]  Reyes-Reyes,et al.  Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes by albendazole treatment in the rat. , 2000, Environmental toxicology and pharmacology.

[101]  S. Weisbrode,et al.  Effects of phenylbutazone on bone activity and formation in horses. , 2000, American journal of veterinary research.

[102]  A. Al-Ahmad,et al.  Biodegradability of Cefotiam, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem, Penicillin G, and Sulfamethoxazole and Inhibition of Waste Water Bacteria , 1999, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[103]  M. Webster.  Product warning: FRONTLINE. , 1999, Australian veterinary journal.

[104]  A. Beynen,et al.  Salinomycin-induced Polyneuropathy in Cats: Morphologic and Epidemiologic Data , 1999, Veterinary pathology.

[105]  D. Plumb.  Veterinary Drug Handbook , 1999 .

[106]  F. Oehme,et al.  Toxicosis in Cattle from Concurrent Feeding of Monensin and Dried Distiller's Grains Contaminated with Macrolide Antibiotics , 1999, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.

[107]  J. Casida,et al.  Mechanisms for selective toxicity of fipronil insecticide and its sulfone metabolite and desulfinyl photoproduct. , 1998, Chemical research in toxicology.

[108]  P. J. Armstrong,et al.  Hepatocellular toxicosis associated with administration of carprofen in 21 dogs. , 1998, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[109]  L. Hungerford,et al.  A case-control study of acute ibuprofen toxicity in dogs. , 1998, Preventive veterinary medicine.

[110]  L. A. Hautekeete,et al.  Ivermectin toxicosis in a zebra. , 1998, Veterinary and human toxicology.

[111]  L. Prescott,et al.  Unusual complications of paracetamol poisoning. , 1997, QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians.

[112]  Y. Tada,et al.  Subchronic toxicity of thiabendazole (TBZ) in ICR mice. , 1996, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[113]  S. Bastianello,et al.  A chronic cardiomyopathy in feedlot cattle attributed to toxic levels of salinomycin in the feed. , 1996, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.

[114]  P. Berny,et al.  Loperamide poisoning in the dog. , 1996, Veterinary and human toxicology.