Frequency and prognosis of convulsive status epilepticus of different causes: a systematic review.

We conducted a systematic review of all studies of status epilepticus (SE) with more than 30 patients published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2008, to determine the frequencies of the common underlying causes and the extent to which the underlying causes affect the prognosis of an episode of SE. The frequencies of underlying causes vary among studies and show marked geographic differences, but in most studies, the most common underlying causes were cerebrovascular disease and low antiepileptic drug levels. A relatively good prognosis of SE is found when the underlying cause is associated with low antiepileptic drug levels or alcohol abuse, and a relatively poor outcome occurs when the underlying cause is cerebrovascular disease, particularly in the case of SE due to acute cerebral anoxia, but in most conditions, the reported prognosis is variable. Also, when SE occurs in the context of an acute cerebral insult, such as cerebral infection or cerebrovascular disease, the prognosis of the acute cerebral event is worsened.

[1]  S. Mayer,et al.  Convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome in a large administrative dataset , 2007, Neurocritical care.

[2]  W. Oertel,et al.  Status Epilepticus after Stroke Is Associated with Increased Long‐term Case Fatality , 2006, Epilepsia.

[3]  R. Sacco,et al.  Prevalence and predictors of early seizure and status epilepticus after first stroke , 2001, Neurology.

[4]  M. Koubeissi,et al.  In-hospital mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus , 2007, Neurology.

[5]  D. Schiff,et al.  Clinical implications of status epilepticus in patients with neoplasms. , 2006, Archives of neurology.

[6]  A. Ristić,et al.  Etiology of a short-term mortality in the group of 750 patients with 920 episodes of status epilepticus within a period of 10 years (1988–1997) , 2009, Seizure.

[7]  J. Sander,et al.  Clinical features of convulsive status epilepticus: a study of 220 cases in western China , 2009, European journal of neurology.

[8]  A. Visudtibhan,et al.  Convulsive status epilepticus in Thai children at Ramathibodi Hospital. , 2006, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.

[9]  C. Deal,et al.  Admissions to a pediatric intensive care unit for status epilepticus: A 10‐year experience , 1994, Critical care medicine.

[10]  J. Stockman.  Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study , 2008 .

[11]  A. Krumholz,et al.  Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 1988, Neurology.

[12]  J. Pellock,et al.  Determinants of Mortality in Status Epilepticus , 1994, Epilepsia.

[13]  D. Lowenstein,et al.  Status epilepticus at an urban public hospital in the 1980s , 1993, Neurology.

[14]  A. Asadi-Pooya,et al.  Etiologies and outcomes of status epilepticus in children , 2005, Epilepsy & Behavior.

[15]  L. Rumbach,et al.  Status epilepticus in stroke Report on a hospital-based stroke cohort , 1999 .

[16]  B. Neville,et al.  Incidence and outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in Kenyan children: a cohort study , 2008, The Lancet Neurology.

[17]  A. Okoko,et al.  L'état de mal convulsif en réanimation pédiatrique à Brazzaville , 2005 .

[18]  T. Pedley,et al.  Status epilepticus arising de novo in hospitalized patients: an analysis of 41 patients , 2001, Seizure.

[19]  Y. Maegaki,et al.  Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures: Case reports of this unusual post-encephalitic epilepsy , 2007, Brain & development (Tokyo. 1979).

[20]  N. Afşar,et al.  Stroke and status epilepticus: stroke type, type of status epilepticus, and prognosis , 2003, Seizure.

[21]  M. Nuwer,et al.  Increased incidence and impact of nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury as detected by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. , 1999, Journal of neurosurgery.

[22]  Julien Bogousslavsky,et al.  Propofol Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Study of 31 Episodes , 2004, Epilepsia.

[23]  D. Lowenstein,et al.  Refractory Status Epilepticus in Suspect Encephalitis , 2008, Neurocritical care.

[24]  W. Hauser,et al.  Status epilepticus without an underlying cause and risk of death: a population-based study. , 2008, Archives of neurology.

[25]  H. Meinardi,et al.  Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus: Causes, Therapy, and Outcome in 346 Patients , 1994, Epilepsia.

[26]  W. Hauser,et al.  Incidence of status epilepticus in Rochester, Minnesota, 1965-1984 , 1998, Neurology.

[27]  Edward B Bromfield,et al.  Refractory status epilepticus: effect of treatment aggressiveness on prognosis. , 2005, Archives of neurology.

[28]  G. Logroscino,et al.  Prognosis of status epilepticus: role of aetiology, age, and consciousness impairment at presentation , 2006, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[29]  K. Yaffe,et al.  Prognostic factors of pentobarbital therapy for refractory generalized status epilepticus , 1993, Neurology.

[30]  G. Holmes,et al.  Outcome of Severe Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children , 2001, Epilepsia.

[31]  T. Hundsberger,et al.  Observations on comatose survivors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with generalized myoclonus , 2005, BMC neurology.

[32]  E. Waterhouse,et al.  Synergistic effect of status epilepticus and ischemic brain injury on mortality , 1998, Epilepsy Research.

[33]  K. Lin,et al.  Analysis of status epilepticus related presumed encephalitis in children. , 2008, European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society.

[34]  Jan Claassen,et al.  Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus with Pentobarbital, Propofol, or Midazolam: A Systematic Review , 2002, Epilepsia.

[35]  Prognosis.  Guidelines for Epidemiologic Studies on Epilepsy , 1993, Epilepsia.

[36]  C. Tonon,et al.  Incidence and Short‐term Prognosis of Status Epilepticus in Adults in Bologna, Italy , 2003, Epilepsia.

[37]  P Jallon,et al.  Incidence of status epilepticus in French-speaking Switzerland , 2000, Neurology.

[38]  Yung-Jung Chen,et al.  Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Postencephalitic Epilepsy in Children , 2006, Journal of child neurology.

[39]  S. Barsaoui,et al.  Infantile status epilepticus in Tunisia. Clinical, etiological and prognostic aspects , 2001, Seizure.

[40]  C. Boz,et al.  Status Epilepticus After Stroke , 2001, Stroke.

[41]  S. Shorvon.  Status Epilepticus: Its Clinical Features and Treatment in Children and Adults , 1994 .

[42]  Peter W. Kaplan,et al.  STATUS EPILEPTICUS : AN INDEPENDENT OUTCOME PREDICTOR AFTER CEREBRAL ANOXIA. Authors' reply , 2008 .

[43]  Rod C Scott,et al.  Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study , 2006, The Lancet.

[44]  S. Tarlacı,et al.  Generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus: causes, treatment, complications and predictors of case fatality , 1998, Journal of Neurology.

[45]  G. Young,et al.  Myoclonus status in comatose patients after cardiac arrest , 1994, The Lancet.

[46]  G. Davey,et al.  Status epilepticus: Clinical presentation, cause, outcome, and predictors of death in 119 Ethiopian patients , 2008, Epilepsia.

[47]  P. Garcia,et al.  Incidence and mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in California , 2002, Neurology.

[48]  D. Lowenstein,et al.  Status Epilepticus Related to Alcohol Abuse , 1993, Epilepsia.

[49]  M. Holtkamp,et al.  STATUS EPILEPTICUS: AN INDEPENDENT OUTCOME PREDICTOR AFTER CEREBRAL ANOXIA , 2008, Neurology.

[50]  M. Holtkamp,et al.  Predictors and prognosis of refractory status epilepticus treated in a neurological intensive care unit , 2005, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[51]  A. Sakamoto,et al.  Analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in human status epilepticus , 2003, Seizure.

[52]  W. Hauser,et al.  A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia , 1996, Neurology.

[53]  G. B. Young,et al.  Practice Parameter: Prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review) , 2006, Neurology.

[54]  W. Oertel,et al.  Incidence of Status Epilepticus in Adults in Germany: A Prospective, Population‐Based Study , 2001, Epilepsia.

[55]  Jan Claassen,et al.  Refractory status epilepticus: frequency, risk factors, and impact on outcome. , 2002, Archives of neurology.

[56]  M. Ndiaye,et al.  Prise en charge de l’état de mal épileptique dans les conditions de pays en développement , 2000, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology.

[57]  J. Reitsma,et al.  Seizures in adults with bacterial meningitis , 2008, Neurology.

[58]  G. Joynt,et al.  Status epilepticus in Hong Kong Chinese: aetiology, outcome and predictors of death and morbidity , 2003, Seizure.

[59]  Frances E Jensen.  Introduction Posttraumatic epilepsy: Treatable epileptogenesis , 2009, Epilepsia.

[60]  J. Murthy,et al.  Convulsive Status Epilepticus: Clinical Profile in a Developing Country , 2007, Epilepsia.

[61]  D. Henry,et al.  Status epilepticus. Recent experience at the Port-of-Spain General Hospital, Trinidad. , 1992, The West Indian medical journal.