Brain–Computer Interface Games Based on Consumer-Grade EEG Devices: A Systematic Literature Review

ABSTRACT Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are specialized systems that allow users to control computer applications using their brain waves. With the advent of consumer-grade electroencephalography (EEG) devices, brain-controlled systems started to find applications outside of the medical field, opening many research opportunities in the area of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). One particular area that is gaining more evidence due to the arrival of consumer-grade devices is that of computer games, as it allows more user-friendly applications of BCI technology for the general public. In this paper, the results of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of BCI games using consumer-grade devices are presented. Papers published in a time span of 12 years were reviewed and their data collected using a rigid systematic process. Several analyses were made based on the gathered data, and a clear view of the current scenario and challenges for HCI of BCI-based games using consumer-grade devices is provided. The search shows that although many games were created with simplified controls for research purposes, there was an increasing number of more user-friendly BCI games, especially for entertainment. The most predominant control signals were the attention and meditation, followed by motor imagery and emotion recognition, being mainly captured by NeuroSky and Emotiv EEG devices. The results also show that there are still many open issues and research opportunities in the field of HCI for BCI-based games, as most evaluations investigated only quantitative aspects of the BCI systems, while very few studies analyzed usability and qualitative aspects of the users’ interaction with the games.

[1]  H ApperleyThomas.  Genre and game studies , 2006 .

[2]  Cuntai Guan,et al.  Effectiveness of a Personalized Brain-Computer Interface System for Cognitive Training in Healthy Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial. , 2018, Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.

[3]  R. Ward,et al.  EMG and EOG artifacts in brain computer interface systems: A survey , 2007, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[4]  Muhammad Ahmad Kamran,et al.  Effect of EOG Signal Filtering on the Removal of Ocular Artifacts and EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface: A Comprehensive Study , 2018, Complex..

[5]  W. J. Nowack.  Neocortical Dynamics and Human EEG Rhythms , 1995, Neurology.

[6]  F. Rebelo,et al.  Questing Ruins: A Game for a Digital Inclusion , 2016, HCI.

[7]  Steven Laureys,et al.  A tactile Brain-Computer Interface for severely disabled patients , 2014, 2014 IEEE Haptics Symposium (HAPTICS).

[8]  Fotis Liarokapis,et al.  Assessing Brain-Computer Interfaces for Controlling Serious Games , 2013, 2013 5th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES).

[9]  S. Taherian,et al.  Are we there yet? Evaluating commercial grade brain–computer interface for control of computer applications by individuals with cerebral palsy , 2017, Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology.

[10]  M. Nicolelis,et al.  Brain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation. , 2017, Physiological reviews.

[11]  Stuart J. Johnstone,et al.  A Preliminary Multiple Case Report of Neurocognitive Training for Children With AD/HD in China , 2015 .

[12]  Olga Sourina,et al.  MIND - An EEG Neurofeedback Multitasking Game , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW).

[13]  K. Krishnan,et al.  A Brain-Computer Interface Based Cognitive Training System for Healthy Elderly: A Randomized Control Pilot Study for Usability and Preliminary Efficacy , 2013, PloS one.

[14]  Anton Nijholt,et al.  Experiencing BCI Control in a Popular Computer Game , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[15]  Thorsten O. Zander,et al.  Enhancing Human-Computer Interaction with Input from Active and Passive Brain-Computer Interfaces , 2010, Brain-Computer Interfaces.

[16]  S. G. Mason,et al.  Analyzing Trends in Brain Interface Technology: A Method to Compare Studies , 2005, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[17]  Miyoung Kim,et al.  A Review on the Computational Methods for Emotional State Estimation from the Human EEG , 2013, Comput. Math. Methods Medicine.

[18]  Cuntai Guan,et al.  Evaluation of EEG features during overt visual attention during neurofeedback game , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC).

[19]  Tom Apperley.  Genre and game studies: Toward a critical approach to video game genres , 2006 .

[20]  Leonardo Cunha de Miranda,et al.  Mental War: An Attention-Based Single/Multiplayer Brain-Computer Interface Game , 2018, ICCSA.

[21]  Sung Chan Jun,et al.  A Review of Brain-Computer Interface Games and an Opinion Survey from Researchers, Developers and Users , 2014, Sensors.

[22]  Arne Robben,et al.  Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential-Based Computer Gaming on a Consumer-Grade EEG Device , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[23]  Myung Hwan Yun,et al.  A systematic review of hybrid brain-computer interfaces: Taxonomy and usability perspectives , 2017, PloS one.

[24]  D. Moher,et al.  Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Acute Ischemic Stroke , 2010 .

[25]  Anton Eliëns,et al.  Multi-sensor Interactive Systems for Embodied Learning Games , 2013, Advances in Computer Entertainment.

[26]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration , 2009, Annals of Internal Medicine [serial online].

[27]  Anton Nijholt,et al.  Players' Opinions on Control and Playability of a BCI Game , 2014, HCI.

[28]  Kup-Sze Choi,et al.  Effective user training for motor imagery based brain computer interface with object-directed 3D visual display , 2014, 2014 7th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics.

[29]  Alissa Nicole Antle,et al.  East meets west: a mobile brain-computer system that helps children living in poverty learn to self-regulate , 2018, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.

[30]  Ulrich G. Hofmann,et al.  Avatar navigation in Second Life using brain signals , 2013, 2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing.

[31]  John E. Munoz,et al.  Design and creation of a BCI videogame to train sustained attention in children with ADHD , 2015, 2015 10th Computing Colombian Conference (10CCC).

[32]  Adam Wojciechowski,et al.  Popular Brain Computer Interfaces for Game Mechanics Control , 2016, MISSI.

[33]  Gyuhwan Oh,et al.  A Study on New Gameplay Based on Brain-Computer Interface , 2009, DiGRA Conference.

[34]  Leonardo Cunha de Miranda,et al.  Zen Cat: A Meditation-Based Brain-Computer Interface Game , 2018, ICCSA.

[35]  Shervin Shirmohammadi,et al.  Feasibility of detecting ADHD patients' attention levels by classifying their EEG signals , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA).

[36]  J. Muñoz,et al.  BKI: Brain Kinect Interface, a new hybrid BCI for rehabilitation , 2013, GFHEU.

[37]  David R. Michael,et al.  Serious Games: Games That Educate, Train, and Inform , 2005 .

[38]  MeroneMario,et al.  ECG databases for biometric systems , 2017 .

[39]  Claude Frasson,et al.  Real-time Brain Assessment for Adaptive Virtual Reality Game : A Neurofeedback Approach , 2017, BFAL.

[40]  Paul Gerrard,et al.  Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research , 2007, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[41]  Feng Wan,et al.  Implementation of SSVEP based BCI with Emotiv EPOC , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments Human-Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems (VECIMS) Proceedings.

[42]  Isabela Granic,et al.  Preventing Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Is an Applied Game as Effective as a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Program? , 2017, Prevention Science.

[43]  Jo Salmon,et al.  Relationship between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review. , 2011, Health & place.

[44]  Fotis Liarokapis,et al.  Assessing NeuroSky's Usability to Detect Attention Levels in an Assessment Exercise , 2009, HCI.

[45]  Damien Coyle,et al.  Games, Gameplay, and BCI: The State of the Art , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[46]  Fabien Lotte,et al.  Brain-computer interfaces for 3D games: hype or hope? , 2011, FDG.

[47]  J. Pineda.  The functional significance of mu rhythms: Translating “seeing” and “hearing” into “doing” , 2005, Brain Research Reviews.

[48]  Fotios Liarokapis,et al.  Comparing Two Commercial Brain Computer Interfaces for Serious Games and Virtual Environments , 2016 .

[49]  Wenyao Xu,et al.  Exploring EEG-based biometrics for user identification and authentication , 2014, 2014 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB).

[50]  Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis,et al.  EmoActivity - An EEG-Based Gamified Emotion HCI for Augmented Artistic Expression: The i-Treasures Paradigm , 2015, HCI.

[51]  Jonathan Weinel,et al.  Quake Delirium EEG , 2015, 2015 Internet Technologies and Applications (ITA).

[52]  Isabela Granic,et al.  A neurofeedback video game (MindLight) to prevent anxiety in children: A randomized controlled trial , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[53]  Filippo Sanfilippo,et al.  A Game-Based Learning Framework For Controlling Brain-Actuated Wheelchairs , 2016, ECMS.

[54]  C. Kaplan.  LIKE CATCHING A WAVE: QUALITATIVE STUDY OF EEG NEUROFEEDBACK GAME CONTROLS , 2018, PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences.

[55]  Petra Povalej Brzan,et al.  Mobile Applications for Control and Self Management of Diabetes: A Systematic Review , 2016, Journal of Medical Systems.

[56]  Abdul Wahab,et al.  EEG Emotion Recognition System , 2009 .

[57]  Pearl Brereton,et al.  Performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering , 2006, ICSE.

[58]  G. McArthur,et al.  Validation of the Emotiv EPOC EEG system for research quality auditory event-related potentials in children , 2015, PeerJ.

[59]  S. Klein,et al.  The topography of visual evoked response properties across the visual field. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[60]  Jordan Craig,et al.  Adaptive Audio Engine for EEG-Based Horror Game , 2017 .

[61]  Jelke van der Pal,et al.  Adaptive Game Based Learning Using Brain Measures for Attention--Some Explorations. , 2016 .

[62]  A. Prasad Vinod,et al.  BCI based multi-player 3-D game control using EEG for enhancing attention and memory , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC).

[63]  Leonardo Cunha de Miranda,et al.  Understanding and Proposing a Design Rationale of Digital Games based on Brain-Computer Interface: Results of the AdmiralMind Battleship Study , 2014 .

[64]  Marlien Herselman,et al.  Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) , 2015 .

[65]  Alissa Nicole Antle,et al.  Using neurofeedback to teach self-regulation to children living in poverty , 2015, IDC.

[66]  Fotis Liarokapis,et al.  Examining User Experiences through a Multimodal BCI Puzzle Game , 2015, 2015 19th International Conference on Information Visualisation.

[67]  Fotis Liarokapis,et al.  EEG-based BCI and video games: a progress report , 2018, Virtual Reality.

[68]  Esmeralda C. Djamal,et al.  Brain Computer Interface Game Controlling Using Fast Fourier Transform and Learning Vector Quantization , 2017 .

[69]  Won-Hyung Lee,et al.  BCI Sensor Based Environment Changing System for Immersion of 3D Game , 2014, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[70]  Zhihua Wang,et al.  Towards a Hybrid BCI Gaming Paradigm Based on Motor Imagery and SSVEP , 2019, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[71]  Michael D. Robinson,et al.  Measures of emotion: A review , 2009, Cognition & emotion.

[72]  Fotis Liarokapis,et al.  Robot Navigation Using Brain-Computer Interfaces , 2012, 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications.

[73]  Raffaella Folgieri,et al.  BCI Promises in Emotional Involvement in Music and Games , 2014, CIE.

[74]  Rytis Maskeliunas,et al.  Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 Consumer-grade Eeg Devices: Are They Usable for Control Tasks? , 2022 .

[75]  Juan E. Gilbert,et al.  User Experience Evaluation Towards Cooperative Brain-Robot Interaction , 2015, HCI.

[76]  Fan Guo,et al.  Virtual game scenario generation using brain computer interface , 2018, International Conference on Digital Image Processing.

[77]  Leonardo Cunha de Miranda,et al.  The influence of graphical elements on user's attention and control on a neurofeedback-based game , 2019, Entertain. Comput..

[78]  A SchoneveldElke,et al.  A neurofeedback video game (MindLight) to prevent anxiety in children , 2016 .

[79]  Tobias Banaschewski,et al.  Evidence-Based Information on the Clinical Use of Neurofeedback for ADHD , 2012, Neurotherapeutics.

[80]  Franck Tarpin-Bernard,et al.  Evaluation and Comparison of a Multimodal Combination of BCI Paradigms and Eye Tracking With Affordable Consumer-Grade Hardware in a Gaming Context , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games.

[81]  M. Benedetti,et al.  Reappraisal of Aβ40 and Aβ42 Peptides Measurements in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. , 2018, Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.

[82]  Areej Al-Wabil,et al.  The Design and Development of Empathetic Serious Games for Dyslexia: BCI Arabic Phonological Processing Training Systems , 2014, HCI.

[83]  Ronald M. Aarts,et al.  A Survey of Stimulation Methods Used in SSVEP-Based BCIs , 2010, Comput. Intell. Neurosci..

[84]  Stuart J Johnstone,et al.  EEG From a Single-Channel Dry-Sensor Recording Device , 2012, Clinical EEG and neuroscience.

[85]  Olga Sourina,et al.  Fractal dimension based neurofeedback training to improve cognitive abilities , 2015, 2015 7th Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference (CEEC).

[86]  Alissa Nicole Antle,et al.  Opening up the Design Space of Neurofeedback Brain--Computer Interfaces for Children , 2018, ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact..

[87]  Sonia I. Gonçalves,et al.  Interactions between different EEG frequency bands and their effect on alpha - fMRI correlations , 2009, NeuroImage.

[88]  G. Pfurtscheller,et al.  Functional brain imaging based on ERD/ERS , 2001, Vision Research.

[89]  Christoph Braun,et al.  A portable auditory P300 brain–computer interface with directional cues , 2013, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[90]  Koji Mikami,et al.  Adaptable Game Experience Based on Player's Performance and EEG , 2017, 2017 Nicograph International (NicoInt).

[91]  David A. Schwarz,et al.  Educational Neurogaming: EEG-Controlled Videogames as Interactive Teaching Tools For Introductory Neuroscience , 2014, Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment.

[92]  Cuntai Guan,et al.  Enhancement of Attention and Cognitive Skills using EEG based Neurofeedback Game , 2013 .

[93]  Shervin Shirmohammadi,et al.  More attention, less deficit: Wearable EEG-based serious game for focus improvement , 2017, 2017 IEEE 5th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH).

[94]  Cuntai Guan,et al.  Design of an online EEG based neurofeedback game for enhancing attention and memory , 2013, 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[95]  Regina de O. Heidrich,et al.  Development of BCI Based Softwares to Assist People with Mobility Limitations in the School Inclusion Process , 2015, ASSETS.

[96]  Sung-Bae Cho,et al.  A brain-computer interface for shared vehicle control on TORCS car racing game , 2014, 2014 10th International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC).

[97]  Paul Coulton,et al.  Brain interaction for mobile games , 2011, MindTrek.

[98]  T. Lam,et al.  A Brief Smoking Cessation Advice by Youth Counselors for the Smokers in the Hong Kong Quit to Win Contest 2010: a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial , 2018, Prevention Science.

[99]  Zhu Dan,et al.  An Identification System Based on Portable EEG Acquisition Equipment , 2013, 2013 Third International Conference on Intelligent System Design and Engineering Applications.

[100]  Olga Sourina,et al.  Real-Time EEG-Based Emotion Recognition and Its Applications , 2011, Trans. Comput. Sci..

[101]  Anton Nijholt,et al.  Turning Shortcomings into Challenges: Brain-Computer Interfaces for Games , 2009, INTETAIN.

[102]  N. Chumerin,et al.  Designing a brain-computer interface controlled video-game using consumer grade EEG hardware , 2012, 2012 ISSNIP Biosignals and Biorobotics Conference: Biosignals and Robotics for Better and Safer Living (BRC).

[103]  Dennis J. McFarland,et al.  Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control , 2002, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[104]  Fotis Liarokapis,et al.  Comparing interaction techniques for serious games through brain-computer interfaces: A user perception evaluation study , 2014, Entertain. Comput..

[105]  P. D. Pelsmacker,et al.  Advergames: the impact of brand prominence and game repetition on brand responses , 2010 .

[106]  Dewen Hu,et al.  Toward Brain-Actuated Mobile Platform , 2019, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[107]  Zheng Xie,et al.  Development of a mind-controlled Android racing game using a brain computer interface (BCI) , 2014, 2014 4th IEEE International Conference on Information Science and Technology.

[108]  N. Birbaumer.  Breaking the silence: brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for communication and motor control. , 2006, Psychophysiology.

[109]  Chih-Ming Chen,et al.  Web-based reading annotation system with an attention-based self-regulated learning mechanism for promoting reading performance , 2014, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[110]  S. Yaacob,et al.  Lifting scheme for human emotion recognition using EEG , 2008, 2008 International Symposium on Information Technology.

[111]  Raffaella Folgieri,et al.  Brain, Technology and Creativity. BrainArt: A BCI-Based Entertainment Tool to Enact Creativity and Create Drawing from Cerebral Rhythms , 2014 .

[112]  Yasuharu Koike,et al.  Online classification algorithm for eye-movement-based communication systems using two temporal EEG sensors , 2015, Biomed. Signal Process. Control..

[113]  Dewen Hu,et al.  An Tactile ERP-Based Brain–Computer Interface for Communication , 2019, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[114]  Gert Pfurtscheller,et al.  Motor imagery and direct brain-computer communication , 2001, Proc. IEEE.

[115]  Antonio Marín-Hernández,et al.  Impact of commercial sensors in human computer interaction: a review , 2018, J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput..

[116]  Filippo Sanfilippo,et al.  On Usage Of EEG Brain Control For Rehabilitation Of Stroke Patients , 2016, ECMS.

[117]  Olga Sourina,et al.  EEG-enabled Affective Human-Computer Interfaces , 2014, HCI.

[118]  Vasudevan Janarthanan.  Serious Video Games: Games for Education and Health , 2012, 2012 Ninth International Conference on Information Technology - New Generations.

[119]  Stuart J Johnstone,et al.  Game-based combined cognitive and neurofeedback training using Focus Pocus reduces symptom severity in children with diagnosed AD/HD and subclinical AD/HD. , 2017, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[120]  Dong-Hyun Kim,et al.  Design and Implementation of a Three-Dimensional Game Based on a Brain-Computer Interface , 2016 .

[121]  Olga Sourina,et al.  Individual Theta/Beta Based Algorithm for Neurofeedback Games to Improve Cognitive Abilities , 2015, Trans. Comput. Sci..

[122]  A. Prasad Vinod,et al.  Two player EEG-based neurofeedback ball game for attention enhancement , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC).

[123]  Lingling Yang,et al.  An online BCI game based on the decoding of users' attention to color stimulus , 2013, 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[124]  Esteban Clua,et al.  Concept, development and evaluation of a mind action game with the electro encephalograms as an auxiliary input , 2017 .

[125]  A. Prasad Vinod,et al.  A study on the impact of neurofeedback in EEG based attention-driven game , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC).

[126]  Hyunjin Yoon,et al.  Emotion recognition of serious game players using a simple brain computer interface , 2013, 2013 International Conference on ICT Convergence (ICTC).

[127]  Esteban Walter Gonzalez Clua,et al.  Mindninja: Concept, Development and Evaluation of a Mind Action Game Based on EEGs , 2014, 2014 Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment.

[128]  Qiang Wang,et al.  EEG-Based Personalized Digital Experience , 2011, HCI.

[129]  A. Black.  The Operant Conditioning of Central Nervous System Electrical Activity1 , 1972 .

[130]  Jelke van der Pal,et al.  Exploring Adaptive Game-Based Learning Using Brain Measures , 2018 .

[131]  C.R. Hema,et al.  Brain signatures: A modality for biometric authentication , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Electronic Design.

[132]  David M. Santucci,et al.  Learning to Control a Brain–Machine Interface for Reaching and Grasping by Primates , 2003, PLoS biology.

[133]  Alf Inge Wang,et al.  USING BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES IN AN INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA APPLICATION , 2012 .

[134]  Olga Sourina,et al.  Neurofeedback Games to Improve Cognitive Abilities , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Cyberworlds.

[135]  Robertas Damasevicius,et al.  A Prototype SSVEP Based Real Time BCI Gaming System , 2016, Comput. Intell. Neurosci..

[136]  Mehrbakhsh Nilashi,et al.  Multi-criteria decision making approach in E-learning: A systematic review and classification , 2016, Appl. Soft Comput..

[137]  Yoram Chisik,et al.  Space Connection - A Multiplayer Collaborative Biofeedback Game to Promote Empathy in Teenagers: A Feasibility Study , 2016, PhyCS.

[138]  J. Wolpaw,et al.  Brain-computer communication: unlocking the locked in. , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[139]  H. Lüders,et al.  American Electroencephalographic Society Guidelines for Standard Electrode Position Nomenclature , 1991, Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society.

[140]  Regan L. Mandryk,et al.  Using Positive or Negative Reinforcement in Neurofeedback Games for Training Self-Regulation , 2016, CHI PLAY.

[141]  Olga Sourina,et al.  Emotion-enabled haptic-based serious game for post stroke rehabilitation , 2013, VRST '13.

[142]  Constantine Stephanidis,et al.  Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design and Development Methods for Universal Access , 2014, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[143]  Chris Berka,et al.  Comparison of Medical and Consumer Wireless EEG Systems for Use in Clinical Trials , 2017, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[144]  Benjamin Blankertz,et al.  Towards a Cure for BCI Illiteracy , 2009, Brain Topography.

[145]  Claes Wohlin,et al.  Experimentation in Software Engineering , 2012, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[146]  Michitaka Hirose,et al.  Brain-Computer Interfaces, Virtual Reality, and Videogames , 2008, Computer.

[147]  Fotis Liarokapis,et al.  Brain-controlled serious games for cultural heritage , 2012, 2012 18th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia.

[148]  Chin-Teng Lin,et al.  Gaming controlling via brain-computer interface using multiple physiological signals , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC).

[149]  Amy F. Fyn.  Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming , 2013 .

[150]  D. Moher,et al.  Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. , 2010, International journal of surgery.

[151]  D. A. Podoprikhin,et al.  Implementation of the “Labyrinth” Game by Brain –Computer Interface Tools , 2015 .

[152]  S. Coyle,et al.  Brain–computer interfaces: a review , 2003 .

[153]  C. G. Lim,et al.  A Brain-Computer Interface Based Attention Training Program for Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 2012, PloS one.

[154]  NilashiMehrbakhsh,et al.  Multi-criteria decision making approach in E-learning , 2016 .

[155]  Koji Mikami,et al.  Adaptable game experience through procedural content generation and brain computer interface , 2016, SIGGRAPH Posters.

[156]  Ryota Horie,et al.  The effect of immersive head mounted display on a brain computer interface game , 2017 .

[157]  Valer Jurcak,et al.  10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems revisited: Their validity as relative head-surface-based positioning systems , 2007, NeuroImage.

[158]  Reinhold Scherer,et al.  Mind the Traps! Design Guidelines for Rigorous BCI Experiments , 2018 .

[159]  Chih-Ming Chen,et al.  Effects of Different Video Lecture Types on Sustained Attention, Emotion, Cognitive Load, and Learning Performance , 2015, IIAI-AAI.

[160]  Sung Chan Jun,et al.  Steady-State Somatosensory Evoked Potential for Brain-Computer Interface—Present and Future , 2016, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[161]  Yong Hu,et al.  Multiscale entropy analysis of attention ralated EEG based on motor imaginary potential , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Measurement Systems and Applications.

[162]  G. Pfurtscheller,et al.  EEG-based discrimination between imagination of right and left hand movement. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[163]  Feng Wan,et al.  A multi-channel SSVEP-based BCI for computer games with analogue control , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA).

[164]  Daniela Romano,et al.  Brain Controlled Games : Concepts and Classifiers , 2014 .

[165]  Leonardo Cunha de Miranda,et al.  A Survey of Interactive Systems based on Brain- Computer Interfaces , 2013 .

[166]  M. Roizen,et al.  Technology-enhanced simulation for health professions education: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2012 .

[167]  Giulia Barbareschi,et al.  A systematic review: the influence of real time feedback on wheelchair propulsion biomechanics , 2018, Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology.

[168]  T. C. Davies,et al.  Training to use a commercial brain-computer interface as access technology: a case study , 2014, Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology.

[169]  Carlo Sansone,et al.  ECG databases for biometric systems: A systematic review , 2017, Expert Syst. Appl..

[170]  Dirk Heylen,et al.  Brain-Computer Interfacing and Games , 2010, Brain-Computer Interfaces.

[171]  Tassaneewan Laksanasopin,et al.  Neurofeedback game for attention training in adults , 2017, 2017 10th Biomedical Engineering International Conference (BMEiCON).

[172]  David Vernon,et al.  Alpha Neurofeedback Training for Performance Enhancement: Reviewing the Methodology , 2009 .

[173]  Raffaella Folgieri,et al.  A BCI-based application in music: Conscious playing of single notes by brainwaves , 2012, CIE.

[174]  Olle Hilborn,et al.  The Aiming Game: Using a Game with Biofeedback for Training in Emotion Regulation , 2011, DiGRA Conference.

[175]  I. Granic,et al.  In-Game Play Behaviours during an Applied Video Game for Anxiety Prevention Predict Successful Intervention Outcomes , 2018, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment.

[176]  Guy Shani,et al.  EEG-triggered dynamic difficulty adjustment for multiplayer games , 2018, Entertain. Comput..

[177]  Per Capita,et al.  About the authors , 1995, Machine Vision and Applications.

[178]  Olga Sourina,et al.  Neurofeedback Training for Rifle Shooters to Improve Cognitive Ability , 2017, 2017 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW).

[179]  Yuan-Hao Huang,et al.  An HMM-based eye movement detection system using EEG brain-computer interface , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[180]  Yodchanan Wongsawat,et al.  Multi‐command SSAEP‐based BCI system with training sessions for SSVEP during an eye fatigue state , 2017 .

[181]  Abdulmotaleb El-Saddik,et al.  An Overview of Serious Games , 2014, Int. J. Comput. Games Technol..

[182]  Geeta N.,et al.  Enhanced Learning with Abacus and its Analysis Using BCI Technology , 2014 .

[183]  James R. Evans,et al.  Neurofeedback and neuromodulation techniques and applications , 2011 .

[184]  Shervin Shirmohammadi,et al.  FOCUS: Detecting ADHD Patients by an EEG-Based Serious Game , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[185]  David Sebastian Lopez,et al.  Influence of a BCI neurofeedback videogame in children with ADHD. Quantifying the brain activity through an EEG signal processing dedicated toolbox , 2016, 2016 IEEE 11th Colombian Computing Conference (CCC).

[186]  Vrushali R Pavitrakar.  Survey of Brain Computer Interaction , 2013 .

[187]  Ernst Fernando Lopes Da Silva Niedermeyer,et al.  Electroencephalography, basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields , 1982 .

[188]  Thierry Dutoit,et al.  Performance of the Emotiv Epoc headset for P300-based applications , 2013, Biomedical engineering online.

[189]  M.M. Moore,et al.  Real-world applications for brain-computer interface technology , 2003, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.