Trace element analysis of hair, nail, serum and urine of diabetes mellitus patients by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

Background: Trace elements play important roles in carbohydrates and lipids metabolism. According to some studies, trace elements concentrations are different in serum and urine of diabetic and healthy population. In this work, for the first time six trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Cr, Se) concentration of scalp hair, nail, urine and serum of diabetes mellitus patients and control group were analyzed at the same time. Due to the very low concentration of some trace elements (e.g. Cr, Se), measurements were carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Methods: In this study diabetic patients (n=150) and healthy control (n=151) were enrolled in Tehran University of Medical Sciences Hospital. Their biological samples (scalp hair, nail, urine and serum) were analyzed by ICP-AES. Results: In serum samples zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) concentration of diabetic patients and control group were significant (p<0.05). In urine Zn, Mg, Se, and Mn had significant difference (p<0.05). In hair difference between amount of Zn, Mn and Cr in diabetic patients and control group were significant (p<0.05). The difference in Zn, Se and Cr content of nail were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results showed that scalp hair and nail samples are the best biological samples for trace element analysis especially in case of Cr, Se, and Mn due to the high accumulation of these elements in hair and nail which causes a better detection.

[1]  C. Christiansen,et al.  Bone loss in diabetes: Effects of metabolic state , 1979, Diabetologia.

[2]  M. Failla,et al.  Zinc, iron, and copper absorption in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. , 1983, The American journal of physiology.

[3]  A. Chausmer.  Zinc, insulin and diabetes. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[4]  C. Christiansen,et al.  Hypomagnesemia, a Risk Factor in Diabetic Retinopathy , 1978, Diabetes.

[5]  A. El‐Yazigi,et al.  Urinary excretion of chromium, copper, and manganese in diabetes mellitus and associated disorders. , 1991, Diabetes research.

[6]  D. Chaudhary.  Magnesium Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes , 2013 .

[7]  J. King,et al.  Serum and urinary magnesium, calcium and copper levels in insulin-dependent diabetic women. , 1988, Journal of trace elements and electrolytes in health and disease.

[8]  U. Elkayam,et al.  Low blood mononuclear cell magnesium in intensive cardiac care unit patients. , 1986, American heart journal.

[9]  R. Poppenga,et al.  Comparison of Selenium Determination in Liver Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry , 2005, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.

[10]  D. Price Evans,et al.  Plasma Zinc and Copper in Diabetes Mellitus , 1970, Diabetes.

[11]  S. Lewis.  [31] Determination of selenium in biological matrices , 1988 .

[12]  K. Hambidge.  Chromium nutrition in man. , 1974, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[13]  J. Kruse-Jarres,et al.  Trace elements in diabetes mellitus. Peculiarities and clinical validity of determinations in blood cells. , 2000, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements.

[14]  E. Mccurdy,et al.  Optimising ICP-MS for the determination of trace metals in high matrix samples , 2001 .

[15]  I. Steffan,et al.  ETAAS method for the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Se in blood fractions and whole blood , 2000, Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry.

[16]  T. Sugiyama,et al.  Urinary Copper Excretion in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Nephropathy , 2001, Nephron.

[17]  Humphrey John Moule Bowen,et al.  Trace Elements in Biochemistry , 1966 .

[18]  Ming-Der Chen,et al.  Selected metals status in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus , 1995, Biological Trace Element Research.

[19]  K. Gautschi,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS , 2007, Biological Trace Element Research.

[20]  S. Bahijri,et al.  Beneficial effects of chromium in people with type 2 diabetes, and urinary chromium response to glucose load as a possible indicator of status , 2002, Biological Trace Element Research.

[21]  S. Neri,et al.  A Study of cupremia in a group of elderly diabetics , 1983 .

[22]  O. BabalolaO.,et al.  Status of the levels of lead and selected trace elements in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Abeokuta, Nigeria , 2007 .

[23]  A. Hunnisett,et al.  Age-related decreases in chromium levels in 51,665 hair, sweat, and serum samples from 40,872 patients--implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus. , 1997, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[24]  J. Freed,et al.  Magnesium deficiency and cardiac disorders. , 1975, The American journal of medicine.

[25]  J. Schlienger,et al.  [Disorders of plasma trace elements in diabetes. Relation to blood glucose equilibrium]. , 1988, Presse medicale.

[26]  S. Masoodi,et al.  Copper, zinc, and magnesium levels in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. , 1998, Postgraduate medical journal.

[27]  H. Mather,et al.  Hypomagnesemia and Ischemic Heart Disease in Diabetes , 1982, Diabetes Care.

[28]  G. Combs,et al.  Selenium in global food systems , 2001, British Journal of Nutrition.

[29]  J. Néve,et al.  Methods in determination of selenium states. , 1991, Journal of trace elements and electrolytes in health and disease.

[30]  S. Masoodi,et al.  Copper, zinc and magnesium levels in type-1 diabetes mellitus. , 2002, Saudi medical journal.

[31]  R. Natarajan,et al.  Intracellular Free Magnesium Deficiency Plays a Key Role in Increased Platelet Reactivity in Type II Diabetes Mellitus , 1992, Diabetes Care.

[32]  M. Failla,et al.  Elevated manganese concentration and arginase activity in livers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. , 1983, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[33]  S. Broste,et al.  Myocardial magnesium: relation to laboratory and clinical variables in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[34]  B. Vessby.  Dietary fat and insulin action in humans , 2000, British Journal of Nutrition.

[35]  R. A. Reinhart.  Magnesium metabolism. A review with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels. , 1988, Archives of internal medicine.

[36]  S. Bahijri,et al.  Serum zinc in infants and preschool children in the Jeddah area: effect of diet and diarrhea in relation to growth. , 2001, Annals of Saudi medicine.

[37]  E. Rimm,et al.  Toenail Selenium and Cardiovascular Disease in Men with Diabetes , 2005, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[38]  Richard A. Anderson,et al.  Elevated Intakes of Supplemental Chromium Improve Glucose and Insulin Variables in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes , 1997, Diabetes.

[39]  A. Higashi,et al.  Kinetics of Zinc Status in Children With IDDM , 1991, Diabetes Care.

[40]  G. Nicoloff,et al.  SERUM MANGANESE IN CHILDREN WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 , 2004 .

[41]  K. Nuttall,et al.  Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for trace element analysis in the clinical laboratory. , 1995, Annals of clinical and laboratory science.

[42]  J. Vincent.  Quest for the molecular mechanism of chromium action and its relationship to diabetes. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[43]  D. Quig,et al.  Preparation of hair for measurement of elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) , 1998, Biological Trace Element Research.

[44]  S. Bhandarkar,et al.  Trace elements in diabetes mellitus. , 1981, Journal of postgraduate medicine.

[45]  W. Mertz.  The essential trace elements. , 1981, Science.

[46]  M. Hambidge,et al.  Clinical conditions altering copper metabolism in humans. , 1998, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[47]  G. Samuelson,et al.  Zinc intake, zinc status and growth in a longitudinal study of healthy Danish infants , 1994, Acta paediatrica.

[48]  C. Berr,et al.  Factors associated with longitudinal plasma selenium decline in the elderly: the EVA study. , 2007, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[49]  C. Usoro,et al.  Glycemic Control and Serum and Urine Levels of Zinc and Magnesium in Diabetics in Calabar, Nigeria , 2006 .

[50]  Ilia Rodushkin,et al.  Determination of 60 elements in whole blood by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , 2000 .

[51]  C. Keen,et al.  Copper, Zinc, Manganese, and Magnesium Status and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus , 1991, Diabetes Care.

[52]  S. Bhanot,et al.  Essential trace elements of potential importance in nutritional management of diabetes mellitus , 1994 .

[53]  C. Thomson,et al.  Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequacy of selenium status: a review , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[54]  H. Nazari,et al.  ZINC, COPPER, CHROMIUM, MANGANESE AND MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN SERUM AND HAIR OF INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETICS , 2000 .

[55]  A. Prasad,et al.  Human zinc deficiency, endocrine manifestations and response to treatment. , 1967, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[56]  T. Kazi,et al.  Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel, and Zinc Levels in Biological Samples of Diabetes Mellitus Patients , 2008, Biological Trace Element Research.

[57]  M. Brodsky,et al.  Significance of magnesium in congestive heart failure. , 1996, American heart journal.