Evolutionary Consequences of Extinctions in Populations of a Hawaiian Honeycreeper

We report on the evolutionary change in bill size of a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper resulting from an apparent dietary shift caused by dramatic declines and extinctions of lobelioids, a historically favored nectar source. Although it now feeds mainly on the flowers of the ohia tree (Metrosideros polymorpha), early Hawaiian avifaunal accounts report that the i’iwi (Vestiaria coccinea), which has a long decurved bill, fed primarily on the flowers of Hawaiian Lobelioideae, which typically have long decurved corollas. A coevolutionary association of i’iwi bill and flower morphology has often been asserted. We test the hypothesis that the shift in the i’iwi’s diet from the long corolla lobelioid flowers to ohia flowers, which lack corollas, resulted in directional selection for shorter bills. We evaluate this hypothesis by comparing the morphological characters of museum specimens from the island of Hawaii collected before 1902 with recent specimens from the Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii. We examine evidence of change in morphological characters using multivariate analysis and a nonparametric cubic spline technique. Results from all analyses are congruent: bill length is shorter in recent specimens. Presentamos un reporte sobre los cambios evolutivos en el tamano del pico de una especie de “honeycreeper” hawaiano que fueron originados por un cambio aparente en la alimentacion causado por declinaciones y extinciones dramaticas de lobeliaceas, una fuente de nectar preferida por estas aves. Si bien en la actualidad estas aves obtienen su alimento a partir de flores del arbol ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha), relatos Hawaianos reportan que el i’iwi (Vestiaria coccinea), que posee un pico largo y curvado hacia abajo, se alimentaba principalmente a partir de flores de Lobelioideae hawaianas, las cuales poseen tipicamente corolas largos y curvadas hacia abajo. Se ha afirmado frecuentemente que existe una asociacion coevolutiva entre el pico del i’iwi y la morfoloǵia de la flor. En este trabajo, nosotros probamos la hipotesis de que el cambio de dieta, consistente en dejar de alimentarse a partir de las flores de lobeliaceas, que poseen corolas largas, para alimentarse a partir de flores de ohia, que carecen de corolas, resulto en una seleccion direccional hacia picos mas cortos. Evaluamos esta hipotesis por medio de la comparacion de los caracteres morfologicos de especimenes de museos provenientes de la isla de Hawaii colectados antes de 1902 y de especimenes recientes obtenidos en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre de Hakalau, en Hawaii. La evidencia del cambio en los caracteres morfologicos es examinada usando analisis multivariado y una tecnica no parametrica de “cubic spline”. Los resultados de todos los analisis son coincidentes: la longitud del pico es menor en los espicimenes recientes.

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