FROM THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS: Development of dynamic high-pressure techniques in Russia

In the mid-1950s, experimental studies of condensed matter at extremely high pressures (i.e., high energy densities) started to appear in the scientific literature, made possible by using strong shock waves to influence intensively the state of the substance being studied. Russian Federal Nuclear Centres in Sarov and Snezhinsk and their Academy of Sciences counterparts in Moscow, Chernogolovka, and Novosibirsk were instrumental in developing dynamic measurement techniques and forming this new line of investigation of extreme states of matter, based on application of shock waves in high-pressure physics.

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[2]  Jerry Wackerle,et al.  Shock‐Wave Compression of Quartz , 1962 .

[3]  C. Ragan.  Shock compression measurements at 1 to 7 TPa , 1982 .

[4]  William J. Nellis,et al.  Equation of state and electrical conductivity of water and ammonia shocked to the 100 GPa (1 Mbar) pressure range , 1982 .

[5]  H. Mallory.  Propagation of Shock Waves in Aluminum , 1955 .

[6]  V. D. Urlin,et al.  Liquid xenon study under shock and quasi-isentropic compression , 1992 .

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[8]  J. Walsh,et al.  EQUATION OF STATE OF METALS FROM SHOCK WAVE MEASUREMENTS , 1955 .

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[10]  J. Walsh,et al.  Dynamic Compression of Liquids from Measurements on Strong Shock Waves , 1957 .

[11]  D. Hayes,et al.  Polymorphic phase transformation rates in shock‐loaded potassium chloride , 1974 .

[12]  W. E. Deal.  Measurement of Chapman-Jouguet Pressure for Explosives , 1957 .

[13]  William A. Bassett,et al.  Compression of Ag and phase transformation of NaCl , 1973 .

[14]  W. Nellis,et al.  Equation of state of Al, Cu, Mo, and Pb at shock pressures up to 2.4 TPa (24 Mbar) , 1991 .

[15]  J. M. Brown,et al.  Melting of iron under core conditions , 1980 .

[16]  J. Lipkin,et al.  A self‐consistent technique for estimating the dynamic yield strength of a shock‐loaded material , 1978 .

[17]  A. Utkin,et al.  Response of high-purity titanium to high-pressure impulsive loading , 1995 .

[18]  Ross,et al.  Metals physics at ultrahigh pressure: Aluminum, copper, and lead as prototypes. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[19]  C. J. Maiden,et al.  Measurement of the Very‐High‐Pressure Properties of Materials using a Light‐Gas Gun , 1966 .

[20]  W. Döring,et al.  Über den Detonationsvorgang in Gasen , 1943 .

[21]  W. Nellis,et al.  Shock compression of aluminum, copper, and tantalum , 1981 .

[22]  A. E. Ringwood,et al.  Phase transformations and the constitution of the mantle , 1970 .

[23]  Moriarty,et al.  Acoustic velocities and phase transitions in molybdenum under strong shock compression. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[24]  B. Alder,et al.  BEHAVIOR OF STRONGLY SHOCKED CARBON , 1961 .

[25]  W. Gust,et al.  New electronic interactions in rare-earth metals at high pressure , 1973 .

[26]  J. W. Shaner,et al.  Specific volume measurements of Cu, Mo, Pd, and Ag and calibration of the ruby R1 fluorescence pressure gauge from 0.06 to 1 Mbar , 1978 .

[27]  R. Mcqueen,et al.  Phase transitions, Grüneisen parameter, and elasticity for shocked iron between 77 GPa and 400 GPa , 1986 .

[28]  D. Bancroft,et al.  Dynamic Determination of the Compressibility of Metals , 1955 .

[29]  A. I. Funtikov.  Explosive laboratory devices for the measurement of the dynamic compressibility of porous substances in the pressure range from 0.1 to 1 TPa , 1997 .

[30]  G. E. Duvall,et al.  Phase transitions under shock-wave loading , 1977 .

[31]  Raymond Jeanloz,et al.  The equation of state of the gold calibration standard , 1984 .

[32]  R. Trunin,et al.  Shock compressibility of condensed materials in strong shock waves generated by underground nuclear explosions , 1994 .

[33]  C. Ragan.  Shock-wave experiments at threefold compression , 1984 .

[34]  R. Trunin,et al.  FROM THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS: Explosive laboratory devices for shock wave compression studies , 1996 .

[35]  D. S. Hughes,et al.  Density of basic rocks at very high pressures , 1958 .

[36]  R. Mcqueen,et al.  SHOCK-WAVE COMPRESSIONS OF TWENTY-SEVEN METALS. EQUATIONS OF STATE OF METALS , 1957 .

[37]  H. Mao,et al.  Pressure‐Induced Phase Transformation in NaCl , 1968 .

[38]  J. N. Fritz,et al.  Hugoniot equation of state of the lanthanides , 1975 .

[39]  C. Ragan.  Ultrahigh-pressure shock-wave experiments , 1980 .

[40]  R. Mcqueen,et al.  Compression of Solids by Strong Shock Waves , 1958 .

[41]  Eric L. Peterson,et al.  Polymorphism of Iron at High Pressure , 1956 .

[42]  S. P. Marsh,et al.  Equation of State for Nineteen Metallic Elements from Shock‐Wave Measurements to Two Megabars , 1960 .

[43]  M. Ross,et al.  Shock temperature measurements in high density fluid xenon , 1988 .