High-precision measurements of the equation of state of hydrocarbons at 1-10 Mbar using laser-driven shock waves

The equation of state (EOS) of polystyrene and polypropylene were measured using laser-driven shock waves with pressures from 1 to 10 Mbar. Precision data resulting from the use of α-quartz as an impedance-matching (IM) standard tightly constrains the EOS of these hydrocarbons, even with the inclusion of systematic errors inherent to IM. The temperature at these high pressures was measured, which, combined with kinematic measurements, provide a complete shock EOS. Both hydrocarbons were observed to reach similar compressions and temperatures as a function of pressure. The materials were observed to transition from transparent insulators to reflecting conductors at pressures of 1 to 2 Mbar.

[1]  Jay D. Salmonson,et al.  Increasing robustness of indirect drive capsule designs against short wavelength hydrodynamic instabilities , 2004 .

[2]  A Melchior,et al.  Streaked optical pyrometer system for laser-driven shock-wave experiments on OMEGA. , 2007, The Review of scientific instruments.

[3]  Peter A. Amendt,et al.  Design and modeling of ignition targets for the National Ignition Facility , 1995 .

[4]  G. R. Moore,et al.  Properties and processing of polymers for engineers , 1983 .

[5]  J. E. Miller,et al.  X-Ray Preheating of Window Materials in Direct-Drive Shock-Wave Timing Experiments , 2006 .

[6]  J. N. Fritz,et al.  CHAPTER VII – THE EQUATION OF STATE OF SOLIDS FROM SHOCK WAVE STUDIES , 1970 .

[7]  F. Ree.  Systematics of high‐pressure and high‐temperature behavior of hydrocarbons , 1979 .

[8]  Gilbert W. Collins,et al.  Shock compressing diamond to a conducting fluid. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[9]  Samuel A. Letzring,et al.  The upgrade to the OMEGA laser system , 1995 .

[10]  L. M. Barker,et al.  Laser interferometer for measuring high velocities of any reflecting surface , 1972 .

[11]  Gilbert W. Collins,et al.  Accurate measurement of laser-driven shock trajectories with velocity interferometry , 1998 .

[12]  N. Holmes.  Equation‐of‐state measurements of low‐density materials , 1991 .

[13]  Gilbert W. Collins,et al.  Shock-induced transformation of liquid deuterium into a metallic fluid , 2000, Physical review letters.

[14]  K. Kondo,et al.  Equation-of-state measurements for polystyrene at multi-TPa pressures in laser direct-drive experiments , 2005 .

[15]  S. J. Moon,et al.  Properties of fluid deuterium under double-shock compression to several Mbar , 2004 .

[16]  Gregory A. Lyzenga,et al.  Shock temperatures of SiO2 and their geophysical implications , 1983 .

[17]  David K. Bradley,et al.  Line-imaging velocimeter for shock diagnostics at the OMEGA laser facility , 2004 .

[18]  Y. Lin,et al.  Distributed phase plates for super-Gaussian focal-plane irradiance profiles. , 1995, Optics letters.

[19]  O. Landen,et al.  The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the National Ignition Facility , 2004 .

[20]  Colin N. Danson,et al.  Electronic conduction in shock-compressed water , 2004 .

[21]  M. Koenig,et al.  Optical properties of highly compressed polystyrene using laser-driven shockwaves , 2003 .

[22]  W. Nellis,et al.  Electrical conductivities of methane, benzene, and polybutene shock compressed to 60 GPa (600 kbar) , 2001 .

[23]  David D. Meyerhofer,et al.  Shock compression of quartz in the high-pressure fluid regime , 2005 .

[24]  L. Endelman.  19th international congress on high speed photography and photonics: 16–21 September 1990, Cambridge-England , 1991 .

[25]  R. Trunin,et al.  Shock compressibility of condensed materials in strong shock waves generated by underground nuclear explosions , 1994 .

[26]  A. J. Cable,et al.  High-velocity impact phenomena , 1970 .

[27]  K. Shimizu,et al.  Shock Hugoniot and temperature data for polystyrene obtained with quartz standard , 2009 .

[28]  W. Nellis,et al.  Equation of state and optical luminosity of benzene, polybutene, and polyethylene shocked to 210 GPa (2.1 Mbar) , 1984 .

[29]  Gilbert W. Collins,et al.  Laser-driven single shock compression of fluid deuterium from 45 to 220 GPa , 2009 .

[30]  S. Marsh.  Lasl Shock Hugoniot Data , 1980 .

[31]  R. Trunin,et al.  Shock Compression of Condensed Materials , 1998 .

[32]  O. L. Landen,et al.  Demonstration of the shock-timing technique for ignition targets on the National Ignition Facility , 2009 .

[33]  Gilbert W. Collins,et al.  Dissociation of liquid silica at high pressures and temperatures. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[34]  D. D. Hickmott,et al.  Reducing adverse health effects and improving performance of stoves on the Navajo Reservation, a plan for action: Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-UR-96-4016 , 1996 .

[35]  Paul A. Jaanimagi,et al.  The streak camera development program at LLE , 2005, International Congress on High-Speed Imaging and Photonics.

[36]  Peter A. Amendt,et al.  Update on design simulations for NIF ignition targets, and the rollup of all specifications into an error budget , 2007 .

[37]  R. P. Drake.  Introduction to High-Energy-Density Physics , 2006 .

[38]  D. K. Bradley,et al.  High-precision measurements of the diamond Hugoniot in and above the melt region , 2008 .

[39]  Schmitt,et al.  Reflected shock experiments on the equation-of-state properties of liquid deuterium at 100-600 GPa (1-6 mbar) , 2000, Physical review letters.

[40]  L. M. Barker,et al.  Correction to the velocity‐per‐fringe relationship for the VISAR interferometer , 1974 .

[41]  Gilbert W. Collins,et al.  Absolute measurements of the equations of state of low-Z materials in the multi-Mbar regime using laser-driven shocks , 1997 .