Clinical Visual Optics

The eye's optical system visual acuity and contrast sensitivity spherical ametropia astigmatism subjective refraction accommodation and near vision ocular motility and binocular vision convergence anomalies of binocular vision - heterophoria and heterotropia stereopsis and the stereoscope the schematic eye subsidiary effects of correcting lenses - magnifying devices anisometropia and aniseikonia ocular aberrations visual examination of the eye and ophthalmoscopy retinoscopy (skiascopy) objective optometers vision screening, new subjective refractors and techniques measurement of ocular dimensions distribution and ocular dioptrics of ametropia entoptic phenomena.