Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy to Detect Different Oxidation Levels of Diesel Engine Oil

Diesel engine oil was subjected to thermal oxidization (TO) for six periods of time (0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 120 h) and was subsequently characterized by terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The THz refractive index generally increased with oxidation time. The measurement method illustrated the potential of THz-TDS when a fixed setup with a single cuvette is used. A future miniaturized setup installed in an engine would be an example of a fixed setup. For the refractive index, there were highly significant differences among the oxidation times across most of the 0.3–1.7 THz range.

[1]  Bin Chen,et al.  Impact of Fuel Injection on Dilution of Engine Crankcase Oil for Turbocharged Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines , 2015 .

[2]  Dennis G. Watson,et al.  Distinguishing Gasoline Engine Oils of Different Viscosities Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy , 2015 .

[3]  P. A. Asseff.  USED ENGINE OIL ANALYSES - REVIEW , 1977 .

[4]  Robert E. Miles,et al.  Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy for Material Characterization , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[5]  R. Wilk,et al.  Highly Accurate THz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Multilayer Structures , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[6]  Simon S. Wang.  Engine oil condition sensor: method for establishing correlation with total acid number , 2002 .

[7]  Byeong Kwon Ju,et al.  Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Sensor for Monitoring Engine Oil Degradation , 2006 .

[8]  Dimitrios Peroulis,et al.  High temperature dynamic viscosity sensor for engine oil applications , 2012 .

[9]  W. Ahmad,et al.  Monitoring of oxidation behavior in mineral base oil additized with biomass derived antioxidants using FT-IR spectroscopy , 2015 .

[10]  G. Cheek,et al.  Determination of antioxidants in lubricating oils using ultramicroelectrodes , 1989 .

[11]  A. Leidl,et al.  Nanostructured polymers for detecting chemical changes during engine oil degradation , 2006, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[12]  Dennis G. Watson,et al.  Discriminating gasoline fuel contamination in engine oil by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy , 2018 .

[13]  Cunlin Zhang,et al.  Quantitative Analysis for Monitoring Formulation of Lubricating Oil Using Terahertz Time-Domain Transmission Spectroscopy , 2012 .

[14]  M. Koch,et al.  Experimental characterization of dielectric parameter extraction uncertainty for low absorbing liquids using THz TDS , 2017, 2017 42nd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz).

[15]  Bernardo Tormos,et al.  Proposal of an FTIR Methodology to Monitor Oxidation Level in Used Engine Oils: Effects of Thermal Degradation and Fuel Dilution , 2012 .

[16]  Aw Drews,et al.  Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration , 1998 .

[17]  Dennis G. Watson,et al.  Error Sources and Distinctness of Materials Parameters Obtained by THz-Time Domain Spectroscopy Using an Example of Oxidized Engine Oil , 2018, Sensors.

[18]  Ling Wang,et al.  Base oil oxidation detection using novel chemical sensors and impedance spectroscopy measurements , 2014 .

[19]  A. U. Maduako,et al.  Assessment of Oxidation in Automotive Crankcase Lube Oil: Effects of Metal and Water Activity , 2002 .

[20]  M. Koch,et al.  Analyzing sub-100-μm samples with transmission terahertz time domain spectroscopy , 2009 .

[21]  S. Hurlbert.  Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological Field Experiments , 1984 .

[22]  B. Jakoby,et al.  Viscosity sensors for engine oil condition monitoring—Application and interpretation of results , 2005 .

[23]  Neil Canter.  Use of antioxidants in automotive lubricants , 2008 .

[24]  Vadim F. Lvovich,et al.  Iridium oxide sensors for acidity and basicity detection in industrial lubricants , 2003 .

[25]  Qingli Zhou,et al.  Optical property and spectroscopy studies on the selected lubricating oil in the terahertz range , 2009 .

[26]  John Atkinson,et al.  Engine oil acidity detection using solid state ion selective electrodes , 2013 .

[27]  A. R. Lansdown.  Lubrication and lubricant selection : a practical guide , 1996 .

[28]  Neil Canter.  Self-lubricating bearings for extrême applications , 2008 .

[29]  Horst Mannebach,et al.  A Novel Approach to Predictive Maintenance: A Portable, Multi-Component MEMS Sensor for On-Line Monitoring of Fluid Condition in Hydraulic and Lubricating Systems , 2006 .

[30]  R. E. Kauffman.  Development of a remaining useful life of a lubricant evaluation technique. III: cyclic voltammetric methods , 1989 .

[31]  Dennis G. Watson,et al.  Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy to Discriminate among Water Contamination Levels in Diesel Engine Oil , 2016 .

[32]  D. Otaduy,et al.  Visible/NIR on-line sensor for marine engine oil condition monitoring applying chemometric methods , 2010, Photonics Europe.

[33]  A. U. Maduako,et al.  High temperature oxidation stability of automotive crankcase oils and their base oils , 1990 .

[34]  H. Zuidema.  The performance of lubricating oils , 1952 .

[35]  F. R. van de Voort,et al.  FTIR Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants: Ongoing Developments and Future Perspectives , 2006 .

[36]  R. Price,et al.  Chemical sensing of amine antioxidants in turbine lubricants , 1991 .

[37]  C. M. Ojinnaka,et al.  Studies on the ageing characteristics of automotive crankcase oils , 1989 .