Elevated maternal interleukin-8 levels and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring.

OBJECTIVE: Many studies have implicated prenatal infection in the etiology of schizophrenia. Cytokines, a family of soluble polypeptides, are critically important in the immune response to infection and in other inflammatory processes. The goal of this study was to determine whether second-trimester levels of four cytokines—interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)—are higher in the mothers of offspring who later developed schizophrenia spectrum disorders than in matched comparison subjects. METHOD: The authors conducted a nested case-control study of maternal serum cytokine levels in a large birth cohort, born 1959–1967. Cases (N=59) were subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (mostly schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder) who had available second-trimester maternal serum samples. Comparison subjects (N=105) were members of the birth cohort, had not been diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or major affective...

[1]  E. Susser,et al.  Serologic evidence for prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia , 2003, Schizophrenia Research.

[2]  R. Kelly.  Inflammatory mediators and cervical ripening. , 2002, Journal of reproductive immunology.

[3]  U. Kayisli,et al.  Uterine Chemokines in Reproductive Physiology and Pathology , 2002, American journal of reproductive immunology.

[4]  R. Yolken,et al.  Maternal Cytokine Levels during Pregnancy and Adult Psychosis , 2001, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[5]  P. López-Jaramillo,et al.  Elevated C‐reactive protein and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in Andean women with pre‐eclampsia , 2001, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[6]  M. Yüksel,et al.  Maternal serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 receptor in threatened abortion: a comparison with normal and pathologic pregnancies. , 2001, Fertility and sterility.

[7]  U. Andersson,et al.  Escherichia coli‐induced expression of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐8 in normal human renal tubular epithelial cells , 2001 .

[8]  E. Susser,et al.  Prenatal rubella, premorbid abnormalities, and adult schizophrenia , 2001, Biological Psychiatry.

[9]  J. Lieberman,et al.  Prenatal exposure to maternal infection alters cytokine expression in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetal brain , 2001, Schizophrenia Research.

[10]  Peter B. Jones,et al.  Maternal Influenza and Schizophrenia in the Offspring , 2000 .

[11]  Alan S. Brown.  Prenatal Infection and Adult Schizophrenia , 2000 .

[12]  S. Loibl,et al.  Predictive value of serum interleukin‐6 and ‐8 levels in preterm labor or rupture of the membranes , 2000, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[13]  M. Visser,et al.  Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. , 1999, JAMA.

[14]  P. Allebeck,et al.  Obstetric complications and the risk of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of a national birth cohort. , 1999, Archives of general psychiatry.

[15]  R. Weizman,et al.  Cytokines: Stress and Immunity - An Overview , 1998 .

[16]  J. Dambrosia,et al.  Neonatal cytokines and coagulation factors in children with cerebral palsy , 1998, Annals of neurology.

[17]  K. Conrad,et al.  Circulating Levels of Immunoreactive Cytokines in Women with Preeclampsia , 1998, American journal of reproductive immunology.

[18]  M. Baggiolini.  Chemokines and leukocyte traffic , 1998, Nature.

[19]  K. Matsushima,et al.  Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF/MCP-1), chemokines essentially involved in inflammatory and immune reactions. , 1998, Cytokine & growth factor reviews.

[20]  S. McColl,et al.  EBV induces the production and release of IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in human neutrophils. , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[21]  Jean Allen,et al.  Maternal Serum Interleukin‐6 During Pregnancy and During Term and Preterm Labor , 1997, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[22]  J. Westwick,et al.  Human cytomegalovirus infection up‐regulates interleukin‐8 gene expression and stimulates neutrophil transendothelial migration , 1997, Immunology.

[23]  R. Romero,et al.  Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy , 1997 .

[24]  Alan Leviton,et al.  Maternal Intrauterine Infection, Cytokines, and Brain Damage in the Preterm Newborn , 1997, Pediatric Research.

[25]  T. Taniguchi,et al.  Interleukin‐8 level in maternal serum as a marker for screening of histological chorioamnionitis at term , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[26]  M. Adachi,et al.  Expression of cytokines on human bronchial epithelial cells induced by influenza virus A. , 1997, International archives of allergy and immunology.

[27]  J. Gilmore,et al.  Exposure to infection and brain development: cytokines in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia , 1997, Schizophrenia Research.

[28]  D. Taub,et al.  Identification of Defensin-1, Defensin-2, and CAP37/Azurocidin as T-cell Chemoattractant Proteins Released from Interleukin-8-stimulated Neutrophils (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[29]  J. Blaser,et al.  Interleukin‐8 synthesis and the onset of labor , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[30]  K. Kendler,et al.  Evaluating the spectrum concept of schizophrenia in the Roscommon Family Study. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[31]  J. Nurnberger,et al.  Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH Genetics Initiative. , 1994, Archives of general psychiatry.

[32]  G. Eglinton,et al.  Maternal and umbilical cord serum interleukin levels in preterm labor with clinical chorioamnionitis. , 1994, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[33]  N. Krieger.  Overcoming the absence of socioeconomic data in medical records: validation and application of a census-based methodology. , 1992, American journal of public health.

[34]  A. Huber,et al.  Regulation of transendothelial neutrophil migration by endogenous interleukin-8. , 1991, Science.

[35]  D. Blanchard,et al.  Functional activation of human neutrophils by recombinant monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor/IL-8. , 1990, Journal of immunology.

[36]  E. Susser,et al.  In utero infection and adult schizophrenia. , 2002, Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews.

[37]  E. Susser,et al.  Maternal prepregnant body mass and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. , 2000, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[38]  R. Codoceo,et al.  Maternal serum interleukin 1, 2, 6, 8 and interleukin-2 receptor levels in preterm labor and delivery. , 2000, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[39]  E. Susser,et al.  Maternal exposure to respiratory infections and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a prospective birth cohort study. , 2000, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[40]  E. Susser,et al.  The design of the prenatal determinants of schizophrenia study. , 2000, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[41]  K. Shimoya,et al.  Value of the maternal interleukin 6 level for determination of histologic chorioamnionitis in preterm delivery. , 1997, Gynecologic and obstetric investigation.

[42]  N. Breslow,et al.  Statistical methods in cancer research: volume 1- The analysis of case-control studies , 1980 .