The adult male voxel model ”Golem” segmented from whole-body CT patient data

Abstract This paper describes the construction of an adult male voxel model named ”Golem”1(1In Jewish tradition, Golem (Hebrew: shapeless matter) means an artificial human being endowed with life. There are several legends about successful creations of the Golem. The most popular one is probably the Golem of Prague, created (and destroyed) by Rabbi Yehuda Loev (1525–1609).) intended to be used for Monte Carlo simulations to calculate dosimetric quantities for radiation protection considerations. The model was segmented from whole-body medical image data of a living person who was 38 years old and had external dimensions close to those of the ICRP Reference Man. The segmentation process using dedicated image processing hard- and software is described and the resulting model is characterised with respect to weight and height of the total body, organ and tissue masses and red bone marrow distribution. A comparison with the respective data for ICRP Reference Man and three further voxel models is presented. Golem was found to agree reasonably well with Reference Man, so that he can be used for the assessment of ”representative” body doses.

[1]  Icru.,et al.  Phantoms and Computational Models in Therapy, Diagnosis and Protection , 1992 .

[2]  J.M.L. Hwang,et al.  Mathematical description of a newborn human for use in dosimetry calculations , 1976 .

[3]  M. Cristy,et al.  Active bone marrow distribution as a function of age in humans. , 1981, Physics in medicine and biology.

[4]  R. Sievert,et al.  Book Reviews : Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (as amended 1959 and revised 1962). I.C.R.P. Publication 6. 70 pp. PERGAMON PRESS. Oxford, London and New York, 1964. £1 5s. 0d. [TB/54] , 1964 .

[5]  M Zankl,et al.  Personal dose equivalent for photons and its variation with dosimeter position. , 1999, Health physics.

[6]  D. G. Jones.  A Realistic Anthrompomorphic Phantom for Calculating Specific Absorbed Fractions of Energy Deposited from Internal Gamma Emitters , 1998 .

[7]  Maria Zankl,et al.  Calculation of Patient Doses Using a Human Voxel Phantom of Variable Diameter , 2000 .

[8]  M. Zankl,et al.  Vergleich berechneter und gemessener Dosen an einem anthropomorphen Phantom , 1992 .

[9]  T. S. Chen,et al.  Patient risk from interproximal radiography. , 1984, Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology.

[10]  W. S. Snyder,et al.  Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom. , 1974, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[11]  W. G. Cross,et al.  Measurement of Dose Equivalents from External Photon and Electron Radiations , 1992 .

[12]  M. Zankl,et al.  Voxel Anthropomorphic Models as a Tool for Internal Dosimetry , 1998 .

[13]  W Abmayr,et al.  The calculations of dose from external photon exposures using reference and realistic human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods , 1986 .

[14]  Icrp.  Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection , 1994 .

[15]  Terry Smith,et al.  Comparison of internal radiation doses estimated by MIRD and voxel techniques for a "family" of phantoms , 2000, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[16]  G. G. Warner,et al.  Mathematical descriptions of a one- and five-year old child for use in dosimetry calculations , 1976 .

[17]  R. Cloutier.  Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurement. , 1989 .

[18]  W. S. Snyder,et al.  DISTRIBUTION OF DOSE IN THE BODY FROM A SOURCE OF GAMMA RAYS DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY IN AN ORGAN. , 1968 .

[19]  G. Tanaka,et al.  [Japanese reference man 1988-IV. Studies on the weight and size of internal organs of Normal Japanese]. , 1989, Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai zasshi. Nippon acta radiologica.

[20]  P B Hoffer,et al.  Computerized three-dimensional segmented human anatomy. , 1994, Medical physics.

[21]  H. Kawamura,et al.  Introduction to the ICRP Publication 70, “Basic Anatomical and Physiological Data for Use in Radiological Protection: The Skeleton” , 1996 .

[22]  G Drexler,et al.  The construction of computer tomographic phantoms and their application in radiology and radiation protection , 1988, Radiation and environmental biophysics.

[23]  M. Zankl,et al.  Impact on internal doses of photon SAFs derived with the GSF adult male voxel phantom. , 2001, Health physics.