Graphene/black phosphorus heterostructured photodetector

Abstract Graphene photodetectors exhibit a low photoresponsivity due to their weak light absorbance. In this study, we fabricated a graphene/black phosphorus (BP) heterostructure, in which the multilayer BP flake with a ∼0.3 eV direct band gap functions as an enhanced light-absorption material. Further, the photoexcited electrons are trapped in the trap states of the BP, which creates a photogating effect and causes holes to flow into the graphene layer driven by the built-in potential between BP and graphene. The photocarrier lifetime is therefore prolonged by trapping, and as a result of the high carrier mobility of graphene, the holes that transfer into the graphene channel can travel through the circuit before they recombine with trapped electrons. These combined effects result in a high photoresponsivity: 55.75 A/W at λ = 655 nm, 1.82 A/W at λ = 785 nm, and 0.66 A/W at λ = 980 nm.

[1]  Xiaodong Xu,et al.  Plasmon resonance in individual nanogap electrodes studied using graphene nanoconstrictions as photodetectors. , 2011, Nano letters.

[2]  J. Feldmann,et al.  Carrier lifetime in exfoliated few-layer graphene determined from intersubband optical transitions. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[3]  Rujie Sun,et al.  Tunable photoresponse of epitaxial graphene on SiC , 2013 .

[4]  Beiju Huang,et al.  Thickness-dependent Raman spectra, transport properties and infrared photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus , 2015 .

[5]  Qiangfei Xia,et al.  Black Phosphorus Mid-Infrared Photodetectors with High Gain. , 2016, Nano letters.

[6]  Hua Xu,et al.  High responsivity and gate tunable graphene-MoS2 hybrid phototransistor. , 2014, Small.

[7]  K. Shepard,et al.  Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[8]  Wei Ji,et al.  High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus , 2014, Nature communications.

[9]  Likai Li,et al.  Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[10]  Ron C. Hardman.  A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and Environmental Factors , 2005, Environmental health perspectives.

[11]  Qi Jie Wang,et al.  Broadband high photoresponse from pure monolayer graphene photodetector , 2013, Nature Communications.

[12]  Yoshihiro Iwasa,et al.  Ambipolar insulator-to-metal transition in black phosphorus by ionic-liquid gating. , 2015, ACS nano.

[13]  Nathan Youngblood,et al.  Waveguide-integrated black phosphorus photodetector with high responsivity and low dark current , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[14]  Liyong Niu,et al.  Photosensitive Graphene Transistors , 2014, Advanced materials.

[15]  R. Keyes.  The Electrical Properties of Black Phosphorus , 1953 .

[16]  F. Xia,et al.  Ultrafast graphene photodetector , 2009, CLEO/QELS: 2010 Laser Science to Photonic Applications.

[17]  Du Xiang,et al.  Surface transfer doping induced effective modulation on ambipolar characteristics of few-layer black phosphorus , 2015, Nature Communications.

[18]  Mingqiang Huang,et al.  Broadband Black‐Phosphorus Photodetectors with High Responsivity , 2016, Advanced materials.

[19]  F. Xia,et al.  Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics. , 2014, Nature communications.

[20]  S. Wen,et al.  Broadband nonlinear optical response in multi-layer black phosphorus: an emerging infrared and mid-infrared optical material. , 2015, Optics express.

[21]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Plasmon-induced doping of graphene. , 2012, ACS nano.

[22]  Qi Jie Wang,et al.  Temperature dependence of the electrical transport properties in few-layer graphene interconnects , 2013, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[23]  Z. Zhu,et al.  Ultrabroadband, More than One Order Absorption Enhancement in Graphene with Plasmonic Light Trapping , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[24]  Feng Yan,et al.  Infrared Photodetectors Based on CVD‐Grown Graphene and PbS Quantum Dots with Ultrahigh Responsivity , 2012, Advanced materials.

[25]  P. Avouris,et al.  Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[26]  Andres Castellanos-Gomez,et al.  Photocurrent generation with two-dimensional van der Waals semiconductors. , 2015, Chemical Society reviews.

[27]  M. Beard.  Multiple Exciton Generation in Semiconductor Quantum Dots. , 2011, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[28]  Xianfan Xu,et al.  Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility. , 2014, ACS nano.

[29]  P. Klang,et al.  Microcavity-Integrated Graphene Photodetector , 2011, Nano letters.

[30]  Andrey Klots,et al.  Hot Electron-Based Near-Infrared Photodetection Using Bilayer MoS2. , 2015, Nano letters.