The Justice of Need and the Activation of Humanitarian Norms

The distinctiveness of the justice of need and of humanitarian norms is examined and it is suggested that people do indeed sacrifice their own resources for the benefit of others without hope of external reward, motivated by internalized personal norms. A theoretical process leading from awareness of need through norm activation to overt behavior based on the justice of need is outlined, situational and personality determinants of the activation of personal humanitarian norms and of efforts to neutralize these norms and deflect the moral costs of violating them are explored, and the relationship between humanitarian and exchange norms is discussed.

[1]  Shalom H. Schwartz,et al.  Awareness of interpersonal consequences, responsibility denial, and volunteering. , 1974 .

[2]  Abraham S. Ross.  Effect of increased responsibility on bystander intervention: The presence of children. , 1971 .

[3]  E. Staub.  Helping a person in distress: The influence of implicit and explicit "rules" of conduct on children and adults. , 1971 .

[4]  A. Isen,et al.  Success, failure, attention, and reaction to others: The warm glow of success. , 1970 .

[5]  R. D. Clark,et al.  Why don't bystanders help? Because of ambiguity? , 1972 .

[6]  L. Bickman.  Social influence and diffusion of responsibility in an emergency , 1972 .

[7]  H. Hornstein.  Promotive Tension: The Basis of Prosocial Behavior from a Lewinian Perspective1 , 1972 .

[8]  J. Geer,et al.  The effect of being responsible for reducing another's pain on subjects' response and arousal. , 1973, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[9]  J. Darley,et al.  Do groups always inhibit individuals responses to potential emergencies? , 1973, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[10]  Shalom H. Schwartz,et al.  A test of a model for reducing measured attitude-behavior discrepancies. , 1972 .

[11]  M. Rokeach,et al.  Behavior as a function of attitude-toward-object and attitude-toward-situation. , 1972 .

[12]  G. W. Walster,et al.  Equity and Social Justice , 1975 .

[13]  L. Kohlberg.  From is to ought: How to commit the naturalistic fallacy and get away with , 1971 .

[14]  Irving Piliavin,et al.  Effect of blood on reactions to a victim. , 1972 .

[15]  Shalom H. Schwartz,et al.  WORDS, DEEDS, AND THE PERCEPTION OF CONSEQUENCES AND RESPONSIBILITY IN ACTION SITUATIONS ' , 1968 .

[16]  Shalom H. Schwartz,et al.  Awareness of Consequences and the Influence of Moral Norms on Interpersonal Behavior , 1968 .

[17]  D. G. Pruitt.  Methods for Resolving Differences of Interest: A Theoretical Analysis1 , 1972 .

[18]  H. Leventhal,et al.  Findings and Theory in the Study of Fear Communications , 1970 .

[19]  M. Lerner.  14 – Social Psychology of Justice and Interpersonal Attraction , 1974 .

[20]  L. Bickman.  The effect of another bystander's ability to help on bystander intervention in an emergency☆ , 1971 .

[21]  W. Mischel.  Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. , 1973, Psychological review.

[22]  Shalom H. Schwartz,et al.  Responsibility, norms, and helping in an emergency. , 1970 .

[23]  C. A. Boneau.  Paradigm regained? Cognitive behaviorism restated. , 1974 .

[24]  E. Staub.  A child in distress: The effect of focusing responsibility on children on their attempts to help. , 1970 .

[25]  E. Walster,et al.  Equity and the Innocent Bystander1 , 1972 .

[26]  Ervin Staub,et al.  Stimulus characteristics of a sufferer and difficulty of escape as determinants of helping. , 1974 .

[27]  M. Lerner,et al.  Deserving, the "personal contract," and altruistic behavior by children. , 1974 .

[28]  Peter L. Sheras,et al.  "From Jerusalem to Jericho": A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. , 1973 .

[29]  T. Scheff.  Negotiating Reality: Notes on Power in the Assessment of Responsibility , 1968 .

[30]  Alan E. Kazdin,et al.  Competence and volunteering , 1971 .

[31]  G. W. Walster,et al.  New directions in equity research. , 1973 .

[32]  J. Rodin,et al.  Costs, diffusion, and the stigmatized victim. , 1975 .

[33]  L. Wheeler,et al.  Model, need, and cost effects in helping behavior. , 1969, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[34]  R. D. Clark,et al.  Where is the apathetic bystander? Situational characteristics of the emergency. , 1974 .

[35]  H. Tilker.  Socially responsible behavior as a function of observer responsibility and victim feedback. , 1970 .

[36]  Shalom H. Schwartz,et al.  Normative explanations of helping behavior: A critique, proposal, and empirical test , 1973 .

[37]  Leonard Berkowitz,et al.  Success, failure, and social responsibility. , 1966 .

[38]  S H Schwartz,et al.  Elicitation of moral obligation and self-sacrificing behavior: an experimental study of volunteering to be a bone marrow donor. , 1970, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[39]  I. Ajzen,et al.  The Prediction of Behavioral Intentions in a Choice Situation. , 1969 .

[40]  D. T. Vernon,et al.  Specificity of the attitude as a determinant of attitude-behavior congruence. , 1974 .