Evolution in the Cluster Early-Type Galaxy Size-Surface Brightness Relation at z ≃1

We investigate the evolution in the distribution of surface brightness, as a function of size, for elliptical and S0 galaxies in the two clusters RDCS J1252.9-2927 (z = 1.237) and RX J0152.7-1357 (z = 0.837). We use multicolor imaging with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope to determine these sizes and surface brightnesses. Using three different estimates of the surface brightnesses, we find that we reliably estimate the surface brightness for the galaxies in our sample with a scatter of <0.2 mag and with systematic shifts of ≲0.05 mag. We construct samples of galaxies with early-type morphologies in both clusters. For each cluster, we use a magnitude limit in a band that closely corresponds to the rest-frame B, to magnitude limit of MB = -18.8 at z = 0, and select only those galaxies within the color-magnitude sequence of the cluster or by using our spectroscopic redshifts. We measure evolution in the rest-frame B surface brightness and find -1.41 ± 0.14 mag from the Coma Cluster of galaxies for RDCS J1252.9-2927 and -0.90 ± 0.12 mag of evolution for RX J0152.7-1357, or an average evolution of (-1.13 ± 0.15)z mag. Our statistical errors are dominated by the observed scatter in the size-surface brightness relation, σ = 0.42 ± 0.05 mag for RX J0152.7-1357 and σ = 0.76 ± 0.10 mag for RDCS J1252.9-2927. We find no statistically significant evolution in this scatter, although an increase in the scatter could be expected. Overall, the pace of luminosity evolution we measure agrees with that of the fundamental plane of early-type galaxies, implying that the majority of massive early-type galaxies observed at z ≃ 1 formed at high redshifts.

[1]  Robert Lupton,et al.  Statistics in Theory and Practice , 2020 .

[2]  R. Bouwens,et al.  The Morphology-Density Relation in z ~ 1 Clusters , 2005, astro-ph/0501224.

[3]  P. Dokkum,et al.  Morphological Evolution and the Ages of Early-Type Galaxies in Clusters , 2001, astro-ph/0101468.

[4]  H. Rix,et al.  The Fundamental Plane of Cluster Elliptical Galaxies at z = 1.25 , 2004, astro-ph/0412570.

[5]  S. Borgani,et al.  A VLT spectroscopic survey of RX J0152.7-1357, a forming cluster of galaxies at z = 0.837 , 2004, astro-ph/0411386.

[6]  M. Nonino,et al.  K$_{\mbox{\fontsize{12pt}{14pt}\selectfont{\textit{s}}}}$-band luminosity function of the z = 1.237 cluster of galaxies RDCS J1252.9-2927 , 2004 .

[7]  M. Dickinson,et al.  Evolution in the Color-Magnitude Relation of Early-Type Galaxies in Clusters of Galaxies at z ≃ 1 , 2004, astro-ph/0503367.

[8]  D. Kelson,et al.  The Detailed Fundamental Plane of Two High-Redshift Clusters: MS 2053–04 at z = 0.58 and MS 1054–03 at z = 0.83 , 2003, astro-ph/0312236.

[9]  M. Nonino,et al.  Deep near-infrared imaging of RDCS J1252.9–2927 at z = 1.237 - The colour-magnitude diagram , 2003, astro-ph/0310516.

[10]  S. Borgani,et al.  Chandra and XMM-Newton Observations of RDCS 1252.9-2927, A Massive Cluster at z=1.24 , 2003, astro-ph/0309546.

[11]  D. Kelson,et al.  The Nature of E+A Galaxies in Intermediate-Redshift Clusters , 2003, astro-ph/0309460.

[12]  R. Bouwens,et al.  Faint galaxies in deep acs observations , 2003, astro-ph/0309077.

[13]  R. Bouwens,et al.  Advanced Camera for Surveys Photometry of the Cluster RDCS 1252.9–2927: The Color-Magnitude Relation at z = 1.24 , 2003, astro-ph/0309036.

[14]  R. Nichol,et al.  Early-Type Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. III. The Fundamental Plane , 2003, astro-ph/0301626.

[15]  P. Dokkum,et al.  The Fundamental Plane at z = 1.27: First Calibration of the Mass Scale of Red Galaxies at Redshifts z > 1 , 2002, astro-ph/0210643.

[16]  V. Narayanan,et al.  Spectroscopic Target Selection in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: The Main Galaxy Sample , 2002, astro-ph/0206225.

[17]  L. Ho,et al.  Detailed Structural Decomposition of Galaxy Images , 2002, astro-ph/0204182.

[18]  D. Madgwick,et al.  The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: The bJ-band galaxy luminosity function and survey selection function , 2001, astro-ph/0111011.

[19]  R. Nichol,et al.  Early type galaxies in the SDSS , 2001, astro-ph/0110344.

[20]  A. Sandage,et al.  The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. IV. A Measurement of the Tolman Signal and the Luminosity Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0106566.

[21]  A. Sandage,et al.  The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. III. Hubble Space Telescope Profile and Surface Brightness Data for Early-Type Galaxies in Three High-Redshift Clusters , 2001, astro-ph/0106563.

[22]  A. Sandage,et al.  The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. II. The Effect of the Point-Spread Function and Galaxy Ellipticity on the Derived Photometric Parameters , 2001, astro-ph/0102214.

[23]  A. Sandage,et al.  The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. I. Calibration of the Necessary Local Parameters , 2001, astro-ph/0102213.

[24]  P. Dokkum,et al.  Morphological Evolution and the Ages of Early-Type Galaxies in Clusters , 2001, astro-ph/0101468.

[25]  D. Fabricant,et al.  Galaxy Morphologies in the Cluster Cl 1358+62 at z = 0.33 , 2000, astro-ph/0003360.

[26]  J. Brinchmann,et al.  Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the CFRS and LDSS Redshift Surveys. III. Field Elliptical Galaxies at 0.2 < z < 1.0 , 1999, astro-ph/9906171.

[27]  D. Kelson,et al.  Luminosity Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies to z = 0.83: Constraints on Formation Epoch and Ω , 1998, astro-ph/9807242.

[28]  Jean Gabriel Cuby,et al.  SOFI sees first light at the NTT. , 1998 .

[29]  D. Fabricant,et al.  A Spectroscopic Survey of the Galaxy Cluster CL 1358+62 at z = 0.328 , 1998, astro-ph/9801137.

[30]  M. Dickinson,et al.  The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Distant Clusters , 1997, astro-ph/9708037.

[31]  D. Fabricant,et al.  Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Distant Clusters: The Fundamental Plane from Hubble Space Telescope Imaging and Keck Spectroscopy , 1997, astro-ph/9701115.

[32]  D. Schade,et al.  Evolution of Cluster Ellipticals at 0.2 < z < 1.2 from Hubble Space Telescope Imaging , 1996, astro-ph/9612009.

[33]  I. Smail,et al.  The Homogeneity of Spheroidal Populations in Distant Clusters , 1996, astro-ph/9607154.

[34]  R. Carlberg,et al.  Evolution of Cluster and Field Elliptical Galaxies at 0.2 < z < 0.6 in the CNOC Cluster Survey , 1996, astro-ph/9604032.

[35]  P. Dokkum,et al.  The Fundamental Plane in CL 0024 at z = 0.4: implications for the evolution of the mass-to-light ratio , 1996, astro-ph/9603063.

[36]  I. Jørgensen,et al.  The Fundamental Plane for cluster E and S0 galaxies , 1995, astro-ph/9511139.

[37]  D. Kelson,et al.  The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Distant Clusters. II. Internal Kinematics of 55 Galaxies in the z=0.33 Cluster Cl 1358+62 , 1995, astro-ph/9908257.

[38]  I. Jørgensen,et al.  Multicolour CCD surface photometry for E and S0 galaxies in 10 clusters , 1995 .

[39]  Harland W. Epps,et al.  THE KECK LOW-RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTROMETER , 1995 .

[40]  R. Kron,et al.  Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Distant Cluster CL 0016+16: Quantitative Morphology of Confirmed Cluster Members , 1994, astro-ph/9409037.

[41]  I. Jørgensen,et al.  Sources of Scatter in the Fundamental Plane and the D n- sigma Relation , 1993 .

[42]  R. Ellis,et al.  Evidence for systematic evolution in the properties of galaxies in distant clusters , 1993 .

[43]  Gero Rupprecht,et al.  FORS - the focal reducer for the VLT. , 1992 .

[44]  R. Ellis,et al.  Precision photometry of early-type galaxies in the Coma and Virgo clusters: a test of the universality of the colour–magnitude relation – II. Analysis , 1992 .

[45]  A. Sandage,et al.  The Surface Brightness Test for the Expansion of the Universe. III. Reduction of Data for the Several Brightest Galaxies in Clusters to Standard Conditions and a First Indication That the Expansion Is Real , 1991 .

[46]  A. Sandage,et al.  The surface brightness test for the expansion of the universe. II. Radii, surface brightness, and absolute magnitude correlations for nearby E galaxies , 1990 .

[47]  T. Beers,et al.  Measures of location and scale for velocities in clusters of galaxies. A robust approach , 1990 .

[48]  J. B. Oke.  Faint Spectrophotometric Standard Stars , 1990 .

[49]  A. Sandage,et al.  The surface brightness test for the expansion of the universe. I - Properties of Petrosian metric diameters , 1990 .

[50]  S. Djorgovski,et al.  Fundamental Properties of Elliptical Galaxies , 1987 .

[51]  D. Weedman,et al.  Colors and magnitudes predicted for high redshift galaxies , 1980 .

[52]  John Kormendy,et al.  Brightness distributions in compact and normal galaxies. II. Structure parameters of the spheroidal component. , 1977 .

[53]  V. Petrosian,et al.  Surface brightness and evolution of galaxies , 1976 .

[54]  S. Faber,et al.  Velocity dispersions and mass-to-light ratios for elliptical galaxies. , 1976 .

[55]  R. Bouwens,et al.  Faint Galaxies in Deep Advanced Camera for Surveys Observations , 2004 .

[56]  D. Kelson,et al.  The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Distant Clusters. III. M/LV Ratios in the z=0.33; Cluster Cl 1358+62 , 2000 .

[57]  D. Kelson,et al.  The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Distant Clusters. I. Surface Photometry and Structural Parameters for 53 Galaxies in the z = 0.33 Cluster Cl 1358+62 , 2000 .