Original Contribution A Longitudinal Study of Vaginal Douching and Bacterial Vaginosis—A Marginal Structural Modeling Analysis

1 Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. 2 Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 4 Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 5 Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. 6 Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

[1]  D. Scharfstein,et al.  The effect of vaginal douching cessation on bacterial vaginosis: a pilot study. , 2008, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[2]  J. Kendrick,et al.  The Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004; Associations With Symptoms, Sexual Behaviors, and Reproductive Health , 2007, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[3]  R. Ness,et al.  Vaginal Douching and Development of Bacterial Vaginosis Among Women With Normal and Abnormal Vaginal Microflora , 2007, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[4]  J. Peipert,et al.  Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis: 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data , 2007, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[5]  R. McClelland,et al.  Associations Between Intravaginal Practices and Bacterial Vaginosis in Kenyan Female Sex Workers Without Symptoms of Vaginal Infections , 2006, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[6]  R. Brotman,et al.  A Pilot Study of Vaginal Flora Changes With Randomization to Cessation of Douching , 2006, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[7]  R. Ness,et al.  Variability of Bacterial Vaginosis Over 6- to 12-Month Intervals , 2006, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[8]  R. Cone,et al.  Vaginal microbicides: detecting toxicities in vivo that paradoxically increase pathogen transmission , 2006, BMC infectious diseases.

[9]  J. Marrazzo.  A persistent(ly) enigmatic ecological mystery: bacterial vaginosis. , 2006, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[10]  J. Marrazzo,et al.  Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  R. Ness,et al.  A cluster analysis of bacterial vaginosis-associated microflora and pelvic inflammatory disease. , 2005, American journal of epidemiology.

[12]  Patrick Royston,et al.  Multiple Imputation of Missing Values: Update , 2005 .

[13]  M. Krohn,et al.  Factors associated with absence of H2O2-producing Lactobacillus among women with bacterial vaginosis. , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[14]  M. Klebanoff,et al.  Vulvovaginal Symptoms in Women With Bacterial Vaginosis , 2004, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[15]  R. Desmond,et al.  Predictors of Bacterial Vaginosis in Adolescent Women Who Douche , 2004, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[16]  G. Zou,et al.  A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. , 2004, American journal of epidemiology.

[17]  J. Fortenberry,et al.  Association of Atopobium vaginae, a recently described metronidazole resistant anaerobe, with bacterial vaginosis , 2004, BMC infectious diseases.

[18]  R. Ness,et al.  Can known risk factors explain racial differences in the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis? , 2003, Journal of the National Medical Association.

[19]  Julie Downs,et al.  Why Women Douche and Why They May or May Not Stop , 2003, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[20]  J. Marrazzo,et al.  Characterization of vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women. , 2002, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[21]  C. Holzman,et al.  Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[22]  J. Robins,et al.  Marginal Structural Models to Estimate the Joint Causal Effect of Nonrandomized Treatments , 2001 .

[23]  A. Nicoll,et al.  Bacterial vaginosis: a public health review , 2001, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[24]  J. Piper,et al.  Predictors of the vaginal microflora. , 2001, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[25]  T. Nansel,et al.  Women's Douching Practices and Related Attitudes: Findings from Four Focus Groups , 2001, Women & health.

[26]  J. Robins,et al.  Marginal Structural Models and Causal Inference in Epidemiology , 2000, Epidemiology.

[27]  J. Robins,et al.  Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men. , 2000, Epidemiology.

[28]  D. Taylor-Robinson,et al.  Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in women attending one of three general practices for routine cervical cytology , 2000, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[29]  A. Meier,et al.  Influence of the normal menstrual cycle on vaginal tissue, discharge, and microflora. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[30]  S. Tchamouroff,et al.  The association between receptive cunnilingus and bacterial vaginosis , 2000, Sexually transmitted infections.

[31]  B. Chohan,et al.  Vaginal lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[32]  G. Schmid,et al.  The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis , 1999, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[33]  J. Schwebke,et al.  Correlation of behaviors with microbiological changes in vaginal flora. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[34]  M. S. St. Louis,et al.  A public health approach to adverse outcomes of pregnancy associated with bacterial vaginosis , 1999, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[35]  G. Monif,et al.  The great douching debate: to douche, or not to douche. , 1999, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[36]  N. Low,et al.  Bacterial vaginosis, ethnicity, and the use of genital cleaning agents: a case control study. , 1999, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[37]  Ronald H Gray,et al.  Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomised community trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[38]  B. Richardson,et al.  Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. , 1998, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[39]  D R Hoover,et al.  Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV , 1998, AIDS.

[40]  N. Sewankambo,et al.  HIV-1 infection associated with abnormal vaginal flora morphology and bacterial vaginosis , 1997, The Lancet.

[41]  A. Ugwumadu,et al.  Sex, thrush and bacterial vaginosis , 1997, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[42]  D. Taylor-Robinson,et al.  A longitudinal study of the vaginal flora over a menstrual cycle , 1997, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[43]  H. Curtis.  What is normal vaginal flora? , 1997, Genitourinary medicine.

[44]  J. Schwebke,et al.  The Use of Sequential Self‐Obtained Vaginal Smears for Detecting Changes in the Vaginal Flora , 1997, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[45]  R. Goldenberg,et al.  Sexually transmitted diseases and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. , 1997, Clinics in perinatology.

[46]  A. Onderdonk,et al.  Evidence for a commensal, symbiotic relationship between Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia involving ammonia: potential significance for bacterial vaginosis. , 1997, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[47]  K. Holmes,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli and acquisition of vaginal infections. , 1996, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[48]  J. Feldman,et al.  Bacterial vaginosis in lesbians: a sexually transmitted disease. , 1995, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[49]  E. Thom,et al.  The preterm prediction study: significance of vaginal infections. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. , 1995, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[50]  J. Sobel,et al.  Long-term follow-up of patients with bacterial vaginosis treated with oral metronidazole and topical clindamycin. , 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[51]  S. Zanetti,et al.  In vitro antibacterial activity of antiseptics against vaginal lactobacilli , 1992, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[52]  M. Divers.  Prenatal microbiological risk factors associated with preterm birth , 1992, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[53]  S. Hillier,et al.  Control of the microbial flora of the vagina by H2O2-generating lactobacilli. , 1991, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[54]  M A Krohn,et al.  Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation , 1991, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[55]  R. Bump,et al.  Bacterial vaginosis in virginal and sexually active adolescent females: Evidence against exclusive sexual transmission , 1989, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[56]  Subir Ghosh,et al.  Statistical Analysis With Missing Data , 1988 .

[57]  K. Holmes,et al.  Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome. , 1986, JAMA.

[58]  H. Baer,et al.  Quantitative and qualitative effects of povidone-iodine liquid and gel on the aerobic and anaerobic flora of the female genital tract. , 1980, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[59]  R. Brotman,et al.  Why do women douche? A longitudinal study with two analytic approaches. , 2008, Annals of epidemiology.

[60]  Li Tao,et al.  In vitro inhibition of commercial douche products against vaginal microflora. , 2000, Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology.

[61]  M. Krohn,et al.  Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[62]  M. Rosenberg.  Quantitative and qualitative effects of douche preparations on vaginal microflora. , 1993, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[63]  E F Kira,et al.  [The treatment of bacterial vaginosis]. , 1993, Akusherstvo i ginekologiia.

[64]  K. Holmes,et al.  Nonspecific vaginitis: Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations , 1983 .