Effects of visual flicker on subjective time in a temporal bisection task

This experiment investigated the effects of visual flicker on subjective time in humans using a temporal bisection task. A 200-800 ms duration range and 400-1600 ms duration range were presented. Each duration range was presented separately in three different conditions: (1) filled stimuli were presented in both the training and the testing phases, (2) flickering stimuli were presented in the training phase and filled stimuli were presented in the testing phase, and (3) filled stimuli were presented in the training phase and flickering stimuli were presented in the testing phase. Psychophysical functions displacements and bisection point values suggested that flicker increased the speed of the clock; however the direction of the displacement and bisection point changes depended on the phase of the task in which the flicker was presented. This result agrees with the specific storage in either working or reference memory components of Scalar Expectancy Theory of the increased number of pulses from the clock. Weber fractions and difference limens suggested that flicker did not affect subjects' temporal sensitivity.

[1]  J. Wearden,et al.  Speeding up and (…relatively…) slowing down an internal clock in humans , 1999, Behavioural Processes.

[2]  R. Church,et al.  Methamphetamine and time estimation. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[3]  R. Church,et al.  Representation of time , 1990, Cognition.

[4]  Sylvie Droit-Volet,et al.  Speeding up an Internal Clock in Children? Effects of Visual Flicker on Subjective Duration , 2002, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[5]  R. Church,et al.  Hippocampus, time, and memory. , 1984, Behavioral neuroscience.

[6]  M. Treisman,et al.  The Internal Clock: Evidence for a Temporal Oscillator Underlying Time Perception with Some Estimates of its Characteristic Frequency , 1990, Perception.

[7]  Simon Grondin,et al.  When to start explicit counting in a time-intervals discrimination task: A critical point in the timing process of humans. , 1999 .

[8]  R. Church,et al.  Bisection of temporal intervals. , 1977, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[9]  J H Wearden,et al.  Speeding up an internal clock in humans? Effects of click trains on subjective duration. , 1996, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[10]  C. Bradshaw,et al.  Effect of lesions of the ascending 5-hydroxytryptaminergic pathways on timing behaviour investigated with an interval bisection task , 2005, Psychopharmacology.

[11]  F. Macar,et al.  Sensory effects on judgments of short time-intervals , 1998, Psychological research.

[12]  R M Church,et al.  Temporal integration in duration and number discrimination. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[13]  S. Grondin,et al.  Discriminating time intervals presented in sequences marked by visual signals , 2001, Perception & psychophysics.

[14]  T. Rammsayer Effects of body core temperature and brain dopamine activity on timing processes in humans , 1997, Biological Psychology.

[15]  W. Meck Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing , 2003 .

[16]  W. Meck Selective adjustment of the speed of internal clock and memory processes. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[17]  W. Meck Selective adjustment of the speed of internal clock and memory processes. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[18]  J. Wearden Human Performance on an Analogue of an Interval Bisection Task , 1991, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[19]  R. Block,et al.  Effect of caffeine on prospective and retrospective duration judgements , 2003, Human psychopharmacology.

[20]  G. Thines,et al.  Behavioural processes , 1976, Behavioural Processes.

[21]  R M Church,et al.  Properties of the Internal Clock a , 1984, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[22]  D. Rosenbaum,et al.  Timing of behavior : neural, psychological, and computational perspectives , 1998 .

[23]  J. Gibbon Origins of scalar timing , 1991 .

[24]  W. Meck Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. , 1996, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[25]  R M Church,et al.  Nutrients that modify the speed of internal clock and memory storage processes. , 1987, Behavioral neuroscience.

[26]  J. Wearden,et al.  Manipulating decision processes in the human scalar timing system , 2003, Behavioural Processes.

[27]  J. Wearden,et al.  Stimulus range effects in temporal bisection by humans. , 1996, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[28]  S. Roberts,et al.  Isolation of an internal clock. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[29]  J. Wearden,et al.  Stimulus Range Effects in Temporal Bisection by Humans , 1996, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[30]  J. Wearden,et al.  Why “Sounds Are Judged Longer than Lights”: Application of a Model of the Internal Clock in Humans , 1998, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[31]  J. Gibbon,et al.  Human bisection at the geometric mean , 1991 .

[32]  Catalin V Buhusi,et al.  Differential effects of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the control of an internal clock. , 2002, Behavioral neuroscience.

[33]  R. Church A concise introduction to scalar timing theory. , 2003 .

[34]  L. Allan The Location and Interpretation of the Bisection Point , 2002, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[35]  Michel Treisman,et al.  Time perception and the internal clock: Effects of visual flicker on the temporal oscillator , 1992 .

[36]  J H Wearden,et al.  Feeling the Heat: Body Temperature and the Rate of Subjective Time, Revisited , 1995, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[37]  Richard B. Ivry,et al.  Neural mechanisms of timing , 1997, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[38]  A. Parra,et al.  Sex differences in estimation of time intervals and in reaction time are removed by moderate but not high doses of caffeine in coffee , 2001, Human psychopharmacology.

[39]  S. Grondin,et al.  Benefits and limits of explicit counting for discriminating temporal intervals. , 2004, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[40]  C. Buhusi,et al.  Differential effects of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the control of an internal clock. , 2002, Behavioral neuroscience.

[41]  John H. Wearden,et al.  Changing Sensitivity to Duration in Human Scalar Timing: An Experiment, a Review, and Some Possible Explanations , 1997 .

[42]  J. Gibbon,et al.  Differential effects of auditory and visual signals on clock speed and temporal memory. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[43]  Warren H. Meck,et al.  Memory mixing in duration bisection. , 1998 .

[44]  John H Wearden,et al.  Decision processes in models of timing. , 2004, Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis.

[45]  J. Horvitz,et al.  Effects of dopamine antagonists on the timing of two intervals , 2003, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.