Antimicrobial effects of TiO(2) and Ag(2)O nanoparticles against drug-resistant bacteria and leishmania parasites.

Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and systems at atomic and molecular scales (1-100 nm), where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale. The use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in medical research is growing rapidly. Recently, nanotechnologic developments in microbiology have gained importance in the field of chemotherapy. Bacterial strains that are resistant to current antibiotics have become serious public health problems that raise the need to develop new bactericidal materials. Metal oxide nanoparticles, especially TiO(2) and Ag(2)O nanoparticles, have demonstrated significant antibacterial activity. Therefore, it is thought that this property of metal oxide nanoparticles could effectively be used as a novel solution strategy. In this review, we focus on the unique properties of nanoparticles, their mechanism of action as antibacterial agents and recent studies in which the effects of visible and UV-light induced TiO(2) and Ag(2)O nanoparticles on drug-resistant bacteria have been documented. In addition, from to previous results of our studies, antileishmanial effects of metal oxide nanoparticles are also demonstrated, indicating that metal oxide nanoparticles can also be effective against eukaryotic infectious agents. Conversely, despite their significant potential in antimicrobial applications, the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles restricts their use in humans. However, recent studies infer that metal oxide nanoparticles have considerable potential to be the first-choice for antibacterial and antiparasitic applications in the future, provided that researchers can bring new ideas in order to cope with their main problem of toxicity.

[1]  Mark R Wiesner,et al.  Comparison of the abilities of ambient and manufactured nanoparticles to induce cellular toxicity according to an oxidative stress paradigm. , 2006, Nano letters.

[2]  Andrew Mills,et al.  An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis , 1997 .

[3]  Walter H. Chang,et al.  Studies of photokilling of bacteria using titanium dioxide nanoparticles. , 2008, Artificial organs.

[4]  Wonyong Choi,et al.  The Role of Metal Ion Dopants in Quantum-Sized TiO2: Correlation between Photoreactivity and Charge Carrier Recombination Dynamics , 1994 .

[5]  N. Murafa,et al.  Photocatalytic activity of boron-modified titania under UV and visible-light illumination. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[6]  Yehuda Carmeli,et al.  Clinical and Economic Impact of Common Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[7]  Alok Dhawan,et al.  Toxicity assessment of nanomaterials: methods and challenges , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[8]  Tooba Ghazanfari,et al.  In vitro toxicity of silver nanoparticles on murine peritoneal macrophages , 2011, Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology.

[9]  K. Klabunde,et al.  Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as Bactericidal Agents , 2002 .

[10]  M. Rai,et al.  Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. , 2009, Biotechnology advances.

[11]  Edward J. Wolfrum,et al.  Bactericidal Activity of Photocatalytic TiO2 Reaction: toward an Understanding of Its Killing Mechanism , 1999, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[12]  Sabine Neuss,et al.  Size-dependent cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. , 2007, Small.

[13]  K. Klabunde,et al.  A multifunctional biocide/sporocide and photocatalyst based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) codoped with silver, carbon, and sulfur. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[14]  V. Himabindu,et al.  Multi wall carbon nanotubes induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. , 2010, Toxicology.

[15]  Qisui Wang,et al.  The damage of outer membrane of Escherichia coli in the presence of TiO2 combined with UV light. , 2010, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[16]  H. Hofmann,et al.  Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: Possibilities and limitations of a new drug delivery system , 2005 .

[17]  T. Nakajima,et al.  Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders , 1985 .

[18]  Ji-yang Wang,et al.  Ag2O/TiO2 nanobelts heterostructure with enhanced ultraviolet and visible photocatalytic activity. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[19]  Sha Jin,et al.  Nanoparticle‐Mediated Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy , 2007, Biotechnology progress.

[20]  S. Martin,et al.  Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis , 1995 .

[21]  Chia-Liang Cheng,et al.  The effects of the bacterial interaction with visible-light responsive titania photocatalyst on the bactericidal performance , 2009, Journal of Biomedical Science.

[22]  I. Sondi,et al.  Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. , 2004, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[23]  Edward J. Wolfrum,et al.  Application of the Photocatalytic Chemistry of Titanium Dioxide to Disinfection and the Killing of Cancer Cells , 1999 .

[24]  Ken Donaldson,et al.  Possible genotoxic mechanisms of nanoparticles: Criteria for improved test strategies , 2010, Nanotoxicology.

[25]  A. Sclafani,et al.  Influence of metallic silver and of platinum-silver bimetallic deposits on the photocatalytic activity of titania (anatase and rutile) in organic and aqueous media , 1998 .

[26]  R. Amal,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation of organics in water using pure and silver-modified titanium dioxide particles , 2002 .

[27]  Ke Karlovu,et al.  The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles , 2010 .

[28]  Detlef W. Bahnemann,et al.  Preparation and characterization of quantum-size titanium dioxide , 1988 .

[29]  Zhi Pan,et al.  Adverse effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts and how to protect cells. , 2009, Small.

[30]  D. Hughes.  Microbial genetics: Exploiting genomics, genetics and chemistry to combat antibiotic resistance , 2003, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[31]  Ali Fakhimi,et al.  Synthesis and effect of silver nanoparticles on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. , 2007, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[32]  Edward J. Wolfrum,et al.  Bactericidal mode of titanium dioxide photocatalysis , 2000 .

[33]  Ai-Ping Zhang,et al.  Photocatalytic killing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on Ls-174-t human colon carcinoma cells. , 2004, World journal of gastroenterology.

[34]  Ayusman Sen,et al.  Silver bromide nanoparticle/polymer composites: dual action tunable antimicrobial materials. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  M. Wilke.  Multiresistant bacteria and current therapy - the economical side of the story , 2010, European journal of medical research.

[36]  D. Lin,et al.  Electron states of iron group impurities in doped rutile (TiO2) , 1994 .

[37]  D. Goswami.  A Review of Engineering Developments of Aqueous Phase Solar Photocatalytic Detoxification and Disinfection Processes , 1997 .

[38]  M. Ahamed,et al.  Silver nanoparticle applications and human health. , 2010, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[39]  I. Brook,et al.  Emerging Resistant Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacilli in Hospital-Acquired Infections , 2010, Chemotherapy.

[40]  M. Toyoda,et al.  TiO2 Nanoparticles with High Photocatalytic Activity Under Visible Light , 2009 .

[41]  A. Manivannan,et al.  Origin of photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanobelts. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[42]  Adam D. McFarland,et al.  A Nanoscale Optical Biosensor: Real-Time Immunoassay in Physiological Buffer Enabled by Improved Nanoparticle Adhesion , 2003 .

[43]  P. Fang,et al.  Mo + C codoped TiO(2) using thermal oxidation for enhancing photocatalytic activity. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[44]  A. Hameed,et al.  Antibacterial Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles against E. Coli ATCC-15224 , 2009 .

[45]  M. Roco.  National Nanotechnology Initiative , 2012 .

[46]  K. Domen,et al.  Studies on TiNxOyFz as a Visible-Light-Responsive Photocatalyst , 2007 .

[47]  C. Karunakaran,et al.  Cu-doped TiO(2) nanoparticles for photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria under visible light. , 2010, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[48]  A. Viswanathan,et al.  NiO/TiO2 Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Disinfection of Bacteria under Visible Light , 2011 .

[49]  Anima Nanda,et al.  Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Staphylococcus aureus and its antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MRSE. , 2009, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[50]  K. Paknikar,et al.  Interactions of silver nanoparticles with primary mouse fibroblasts and liver cells. , 2009, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[51]  Edward J. Wolfrum,et al.  Mineralization of Bacterial Cell Mass on a Photocatalytic Surface in Air , 1998 .

[52]  Cristina Rodríguez Padilla,et al.  Bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria , 2010 .

[53]  Cheng Sun,et al.  Preparation of anatase TiO2/Ti nanotube-like electrodes and their high photoelectrocatalytic activity for the degradation of PCP in aqueous solution , 2006 .

[54]  Tung-Sheng Shih,et al.  The apoptotic effect of nanosilver is mediated by a ROS- and JNK-dependent mechanism involving the mitochondrial pathway in NIH3T3 cells. , 2008, Toxicology letters.

[55]  Milan Kolar,et al.  Silver colloid nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and their antibacterial activity. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[56]  G. Webb,et al.  A model of antibiotic-resistant bacterial epidemics in hospitals. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[57]  O. Akhavan,et al.  Lasting antibacterial activities of Ag-TiO2/Ag/a-TiO2 nanocomposite thin film photocatalysts under solar light irradiation. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.