Abstract Boundary layer clear-air echoes are routinely observed with sensitive, microwave, Doppler radars similar to the WSR-88D. Operational and research meteorologists are using these Doppler velocities to derive winds. The accuracy of the winds derived from clear-air Doppler velocities depends on the nature of the scatterers. This paper uses dual-wavelength and dual-polarization radars to examine the cause of these echoes and the use of Doppler velocities from the clear-air return to estimate winds. The origin of these echoes has been an ongoing controversy in radar meteorology. These echoes have been attributed to refractive-index gradient (Bragg scattering) and insects and birds (particulate scattering). These echoes are most commonly observed over land from spring through autumn. Seldom do they occur over large bodies of water. Widespread clear-air echoes have also been observed in winter when temperatures are above 10°C. Radar reflectivity comparisons of clear-air echoes in Florida and Colorado wer...