Characterizing frost damages of concrete with flatbed scanner

Abstract Flatbed scanner is a low cost, fast, easy to operate, and efficient device for high quality digital image acquisition. The present study extended the applications of flatbed scanners from conventional air void counting to pore structure characterization of concrete affected by freezing–thawing (F–T) action. Imaging-analysis parameters (specific area and roundness of pores, density and length of cracks, and fractal dimension of pore outlines) were extracted from flatbed-scanned images, and conventional parameters (dynamic elastic modulus, mass and Cl − diffusion coefficient) were measured after every 25 F–T cycles. Both the imaging-analysis parameters and the conventional parameters varied with increasing F–T cycle. The successful use of a flatbed scanner to detect changes in concrete pore structure with frost damage in this research increases the expectation of its application to more aspects of concrete engineering.

[1]  Kefei Li,et al.  Relative humidity and deterioration of concrete under freeze–thaw load , 2014 .

[2]  Kefei Li,et al.  Effect of moisture content on freeze–thaw behavior of cement paste by electrical resistance measurements , 2014, Journal of Materials Science.

[3]  Michael D.A. Thomas,et al.  DURABILITY OF TERNARY BLEND CONCRETE WITH SILICA FUME AND BLAST-FURNACE SLAG: LABORATORY AND OUTDOOR EXPOSURE SITE STUDIES , 2002 .

[4]  Baoshan Huang,et al.  Fractal analysis of effect of air void on freeze–thaw resistance of concrete , 2013 .

[5]  Paulo J.M. Monteiro,et al.  Digital laminography assessment of the damage in concrete exposed to freezing temperatures , 2008 .

[6]  Lawrence L. Sutter,et al.  Methods for threshold optimization for images collected from contrast enhanced concrete surfaces for air-void system characterization , 2009 .

[7]  Dallas E. Peterson,et al.  Glyphosate Weed Control Enhancement with Ammonium Sulfate and Commercial Water Conditioning Agents , 2009 .

[8]  Antonio La Marca,et al.  Characterisation of archaeological mortars and plasters from kyme (Turkey) , 2011 .

[9]  Hengjing Ba,et al.  Effect of fly ash and repeated loading on diffusion coefficient in chloride migration test , 2011 .

[10]  Kefei Li,et al.  Surface fractal dimension: An indicator to characterize the microstructure of cement-based porous materials , 2013 .

[11]  M. J. Setzer,et al.  Micro-Ice-Lens Formation in Porous Solid , 2001 .

[12]  Wei Sun,et al.  Modeling of the internal damage of saturated cement paste due to ice crystallization pressure during freezing , 2011 .

[13]  W. B. Marks,et al.  Fractal methods and results in cellular morphology — dimensions, lacunarity and multifractals , 1996, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[14]  P. Yan,et al.  Hydration properties of basic oxygen furnace steel slag , 2010 .

[15]  Kefei Li,et al.  Freeze–thaw behavior of air entrained cement paste saturated with 10 wt.% NaCl solution , 2014 .

[16]  S. Chatterji,et al.  Characterization of entrained air bubble systems in concretes by means of an image analysing microscope , 1977 .

[17]  M. Ohtsu,et al.  Use of acoustic emission and X-ray computed tomography for damage evaluation of freeze-thawed concrete , 2010 .

[18]  Piet Stroeven,et al.  Stochastic heterogeneity as fundamental basis for the design and evaluation of experiments , 2008 .

[19]  Julio Gálvez,et al.  Effect of the curing conditions of concrete on the behaviour under freeze-thaw cycles , 2011 .

[20]  Barbara Lothenbach,et al.  Quantification of the degree of reaction of fly ash , 2010 .

[21]  Kefei Li,et al.  A study of freezing behavior of cementitious materials by poromechanical approach , 2011 .

[22]  M. J. Setzer,et al.  Test methods of frost resistance of concrete: CIF-Test: Capillary suction, internal damage and freeze thaw test—Reference method and alternative methods A and B , 2004 .

[23]  Eduardo Júlio,et al.  Automatic crack monitoring using photogrammetry and image processing , 2013 .

[24]  L. J. Sluys,et al.  Numerical determination of representative volumes for granular materials , 2004 .

[25]  Olivier Coussy,et al.  Poromechanics of freezing materials , 2005 .

[26]  Lawrence L. Sutter,et al.  The Practical Application of a Flatbed Scanner for Air-Void Characterization of Hardened Concrete , 2009 .

[27]  Young Su Kim,et al.  Chloride ion diffusivity of fly ash and silica fume concretes exposed to freeze-thaw cycles , 2010 .

[28]  Janusz Kasperkiewicz,et al.  Estimation of the structure of air entrained concrete using a flatbed scanner , 2005 .

[29]  B. Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk,et al.  Examining the possibility to estimate the influence of admixtures on pore structure of self-compacting concrete using the air void analyzer , 2013 .

[30]  Teddy Fen-Chong,et al.  Elastic behavior of saturated porous materials under undrained freezing , 2013 .

[31]  George W. Scherer,et al.  Crystallization in pores , 1999 .

[32]  Pawel Wolniewicz,et al.  Stromatoporoid biometrics using image analysis software: A first order approach , 2010, Comput. Geosci..

[33]  Jiang Jianhua,et al.  Analysis of damage development in cement paste due to ice nucleation at different temperatures , 2014 .

[34]  A. Messaoudi,et al.  Frontiere du fractal de Rauzy et systeme de numeration complexe , 2000 .

[35]  P. Utgenannt,et al.  Experimental study of the material and bond properties of frost-damaged concrete , 2011 .

[36]  Zhao Haitao,et al.  Numerical investigation of the effects of freezing on micro-internal damage and macro-mechanical properties of cement pastes , 2014 .

[37]  T. Powers,et al.  THE AIR REQUIREMENT OF FROST RESISTANT CONCRETE , 1950 .

[38]  Qiang Wang,et al.  Comparison of hydration properties between cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder and cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder , 2014, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed..

[39]  Kefei Li,et al.  Electrical Resistivity of Cement Pastes Undergoing Cyclic Freeze-Thaw Action , 2015 .

[40]  Sun Wei,et al.  3-dimensional reconstruction of size distribution of air voids in air-entrained concrete , 2007 .

[41]  Benoit B. Mandelbrot,et al.  Fractal Geometry of Nature , 1984 .

[42]  Zengqi Zhang,et al.  Hydration properties of steel slag under autoclaved condition , 2015, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.

[43]  L. J. Sluys,et al.  Theoretical prediction on thickness distribution of cement paste among neighboring aggregates in concrete , 2011 .

[44]  B. Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk,et al.  The influence of admixtures type on the air-voids parameters of non-air-entrained and air-entrained high performance SCC , 2013 .

[45]  Tae Sup Yun,et al.  Determination of air-void parameters of hardened cement-based materials using X-ray computed tomography , 2012 .

[46]  Kefei Li,et al.  Surface fractal analysis of pore structure of high-volume fly-ash cement pastes , 2010 .

[47]  Veerle Cnudde,et al.  High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in geosciences: A review of the current technology and applications , 2013 .

[48]  Margarita González Hernández,et al.  Monitoring of Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Concrete Using Embedded Sensors and Ultrasonic Imaging , 2014, Sensors.

[49]  R. D. Hooton,et al.  Evaluation of Two Automated Methods for Air-Void Analysis of Hardened Concrete , 2010 .

[50]  Qiang Wang,et al.  A comparison of early hydration properties of cement–steel slag binder and cement–limestone powder binder , 2013, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.

[51]  N. Otsu.  A threshold selection method from gray level histograms , 1979 .

[52]  María Jesús Casati Calzada,et al.  Evaluation of freeze-thaw damage in concrete by ultrasonic imaging , 2012 .

[53]  Kefei Li,et al.  Freezing behavior of cement pastes saturated with NaCl solution , 2014 .

[54]  Johann Kastner,et al.  Laminate fibre structure characterisation of carbon fibre-reinforced polymers by X-ray scatter dark field imaging with a grating interferometer , 2013 .

[55]  Karen L. Scrivener,et al.  Alite-ye'elimite cement: Synthesis and mineralogical analysis , 2013 .

[56]  Kefei Li,et al.  Characterizing blended cement pastes under cyclic freeze–thaw actions by electrical resistivity , 2013 .

[57]  Giuseppe Parla,et al.  Image analysis for detecting aggregate gradation in asphalt mixture from planar images , 2012 .

[58]  Savaş Erdem,et al.  Fractal–fracture analysis and characterization of impact-fractured surfaces in different types of concrete using digital image analysis and 3D nanomap laser profilometery , 2013 .

[59]  Angela R. Bielefeldt,et al.  Simple scanner-based image analysis for corrosion testing: Concrete application , 2009 .

[60]  G. De Schutter,et al.  Automated air void analysis of hardened concrete — a Round Robin study , 2006 .

[61]  David J. Corr,et al.  Microscopic Characterization of Ice Morphology in Entrained Air Voids , 2002 .

[62]  Dougal A. Jerram,et al.  jPOR: An ImageJ macro to quantify total optical porosity from blue-stained thin sections , 2011, Comput. Geosci..

[63]  Børge Johannes Wigum,et al.  Assessment of the potential alkali-reactivity of aggregates for concrete by image analysis petrography , 2012 .