Line source emission modelling

Abstract Line source emission modelling is an important tool in control and management of vehicular exhaust emissions (VEEs) in urban environment. The US Environmental Protection Agency and many other research institutes have developed a number of line source models (LSMs) to describe temporal and spatial distribution of VEEs on roadways. Most of these models are either deterministic and/or statistical in nature. This paper presents a review of LSMs used in carrying out dispersion studies of VEEs, based on deterministic, numerical, statistical and artificial neural network techniques. The limitations associated with deterministic and statistical approach are also discussed.

[1]  G G Clemena,et al.  Analysis and comparative evaluation of AIRPOL-4. , 1975 .

[2]  Roy M. Harrison,et al.  Regression modelling of hourly NOx and NO2 concentrations in urban air in London , 1997 .

[3]  J. Hunt,et al.  Highway Modeling. Part I: Prediction of Velocity and Turbulence Fields in the Wake of Vehicles , 1979 .

[4]  DeLos F. DeTar.  A new model for estimating concentrations of substances emitted from a line source , 1979 .

[5]  W. Graham Glen,et al.  Relating meteorological variables and trends in motor vehicle emissions to monthly urban carbon monoxide concentrations , 1996 .

[6]  David P. Chock,et al.  General Motors Sulfate Dispersion Experiment: Assessment of the EPA HIWAY Model , 1977 .

[7]  Simon Haykin,et al.  Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation , 1998 .

[8]  Dionysis Assimacopoulos,et al.  MODEL FOR TRAFFIC EMISSIONS ESTIMATION , 1993 .

[9]  Trevor D. Davies,et al.  Regression and stochastic models for air pollution—I. Review, comments and suggestions , 1994 .

[10]  J L Beaton,et al.  MATHEMATICAL APPROACH TO ESTIMATING HIGHWAY IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY - APPENDIX , 1972 .

[11]  David P. Chock,et al.  Time-series analysis of Riverside, California air quality data , 1975 .

[12]  Nicolás J. Scenna,et al.  A Neural Network Based Model For The Analysis OfCarbon Monoxide Contamination In The UrbanArea Of Rosario , 1997 .

[13]  Tio C. Chen,et al.  SU 12E – EFFECT OF HIGHWAY CONFIGURATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS—DYNAMICS OF HIGHWAY ASSOCIATED AIR POLLUTION: POLLUTION DE L'AIR DANS L'AUTOROUTE , 1971 .

[14]  D M Colwill,et al.  THE ESTIMATION OF AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS FROM ROAD TRAFFIC , 1982 .

[15]  Kenneth L. Calder,et al.  On estimating air pollution concentrations from a highway in an oblique wind , 1973 .

[16]  Robert D. Sculley.  Vehicle emission rate analysis for carbon monoxide hot spot modeling , 1989 .

[17]  S. Trivikrama Rao,et al.  Effects of traffic-generated turbulence on near-field dispersion , 1981 .

[18]  E. Hernández,et al.  State-Space Modeling for Atmospheric Pollution , 1991 .

[19]  S. Kot,et al.  Dispersion of vehicular emission in street canyons, Guangzhou City, South China (P.R.C.) , 1993 .

[20]  W R Ott,et al.  A mathematical model for predicting trends in carbon monoxide emissions and exposures on urban arterial highways. , 1996, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association.

[21]  S T Rao,et al.  Suggestions for improvement of the EPA-HIWAY model , 1980 .

[22]  Timothy V. Larson,et al.  Forecasting carbon monoxide concentrations near a sheltered intersection using video traffic surveillance and neural networks , 1996 .

[23]  Roger S. Thompson,et al.  TURBULENT DIFFUSION BEHIND VEHICLES: EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED INFLUENCE OF VORTEX PAIR IN VEHICLE WAKE , 1987 .

[24]  L. Sedefian,et al.  Characteristics of turbulence and dispersion of pollutants near major highways , 1979 .

[25]  P. E. Benson.  CALINE 4-A DISPERSION MODEL FOR PREDICTIONG AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS NEAR ROADWAYS , 1984 .

[26]  Wenceslao González-Manteiga,et al.  Time-series analysis for ambient concentrations , 1993 .

[27]  Sandra L. Winkler,et al.  Air Quality Predictions Using a Fixed Layer-Depth Vertical Structure in the Urban Airshed Model , 1997 .

[28]  A mathematical model of wind flow, vehicle wake, and pollutant concentration in urban road microenvironments. part I: model description , 1998 .

[29]  C. S. Maddukuri,et al.  A NUMERICAL MODEL OF DIFFUSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE NEAR HIGHWAYS , 1982 .

[30]  F.T.M. Nieuwstadt.  Prediction of air pollution frequency distribution — Part II. The Gaussian plume model , 1980 .

[31]  David P. Chock,et al.  General motors sulfate dispersion experiment—An overview of the wind, temperature, and concentration fields , 1977 .

[32]  M. Tamponi,et al.  Analysis of the impact on air quality of motor vehicle traffic in the Milan urban area , 1991 .

[33]  Torben Mikkelsen,et al.  On the finite line source problem in diffusion theory , 1981 .

[34]  George E. Klinzing,et al.  The effect of variable diffusion coefficients and velocity on the dispersion of pollutants , 1971 .

[35]  Obafemi Awolowo.  Modelling of carbon monoxide concentration from motor vehicles travelling near roadway intersections in Lagos, Nigeria , 1994 .

[36]  Anthony J. Jakeman,et al.  A method for predicting the frequency distribution of air pollution from vehicle traffic, basic meteorology, and historical concentrations to assist urban planning , 1991 .

[37]  M. Khare,et al.  Modelling of vehicular exhausts – a review , 2001 .

[38]  Jerry A. Bullin,et al.  ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY: DATA ANALYSIS AND MODEL EVALUATION , 1980 .

[39]  Panos G. Georgopoulos,et al.  Statistical distributions of air pollutant concentrations , 1982 .

[40]  J J Korpics,et al.  TEXIN2: A Versatile Model for Predicting Carbon Monoxide Concentrations near Intersections , 1987 .

[41]  F. L. Ludwig,et al.  Validation and applications of an urban diffusion model for vehicular pollutants , 1973 .

[42]  A. Trier,et al.  A time series investigation of visibility in an urban atmosphere - I , 1994 .

[43]  Mansour Al-Zanaidi,et al.  TRAFFIC CO-DISPERSION PATTERN IN KUWAIT , 1991 .

[44]  Mukesh Khare,et al.  SHORT-TERM, REAL-TIME PREDICTION OF THE EXTREME AMBIENT CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS DUE TO VEHICULAR EXHAUST EMISSIONS USING TRANSFER FUNCTION-NOISE MODEL. , 2001 .

[45]  P. E. Benson.  CALINE4 - A DISPERSION MODEL FOR PREDICTING AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS NEAR ROADWAYS. FINAL REPORT , 1984 .

[46]  John D. Butler,et al.  Gaussian plume dispersion model applicable to a complex motorway interchange , 1979 .

[47]  T. S. Panwar,et al.  Predicted and measured concentrations of traffic carbon monoxide over Delhi , 1990 .

[48]  K. Grønskei,et al.  The influence of car speed on dispersion of exhaust gases , 1988 .

[49]  W. T. Hung,et al.  Assessment of vehicular emission dispersion models applied in street canyons in Guangzhou, PRC , 1995 .

[50]  G. C. Tiao,et al.  Analysis of Los Angeles Photochemical Smog Data: A Statistical Overview , 1975 .

[51]  M J Heard,et al.  Electron microscopy of natural aerosols and the identification of particulate ammonium sulphate. , 1969, Atmospheric environment.

[52]  S. Trivikrama Rao,et al.  Turbulent diffusion behind vehicles: experimentally determined turbulence mixing parameters , 1986 .

[53]  P H Merz,et al.  Aerometric data analysis--time series analysis and forecast and an atmospheric smog diagram. , 1972, Atmospheric environment.

[54]  Mukesh Khare,et al.  Real-time prediction of extreme ambient carbon monoxide concentrations due to vehicular exhaust emissions using univariate linear stochastic models , 2000 .

[55]  Michel Benarie,et al.  Urban Air Pollution Modelling , 1980 .

[56]  C D Cooper.  Indirect source impact analysis--carbon monoxide modeling. , 1987, JAPCA.

[57]  Louis F. Cohn,et al.  An interactive graphics method for use in highway air quality analysis , 1984 .

[58]  Giovanna Finzi,et al.  A mathematical model for air pollution forecast and alarm in an urban area , 1982 .

[59]  F. Nieuwstadt,et al.  A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—II. Dynamics of a buoyant line source , 1992 .

[60]  M. W Gardner,et al.  Artificial neural networks (the multilayer perceptron)—a review of applications in the atmospheric sciences , 1998 .

[61]  Marija Zlata Boznar,et al.  A neural network-based method for short-term predictions of ambient SO2 concentrations in highly polluted industrial areas of complex terrain , 1993 .

[62]  Hazim K. Al-Omishy,et al.  Traffic atmospheric diffusion model , 1985 .

[63]  K. Wilson,et al.  Linear stochastic models for forecasting daily maxima and hourly concentrations of air pollutants , 1975 .

[64]  G. Bishop,et al.  Automobile emissions are statistically gamma distributed. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[65]  John L. Hudson,et al.  A model for the dispersion of particulate or gaseous pollutants from a network of streets and highways , 1975 .

[66]  Edward S. Rubin,et al.  Contribution of Mobile Sources to Ambient Particulate Concentrations in a Downtown Urban Area , 1980 .

[67]  N. C. Burden,et al.  Testing the tools of air quality management: a comparison of predictions of nitrogen dioxide concentrations by CALINE4 and the DMRB models with monitored levels at the M4/M5 interchange in Bristol, UK , 1997 .

[68]  Gordon J. Esplin,et al.  Approximate explicit solution to the general line source problem , 1995 .

[69]  J. E. Quon,et al.  Statistical Dependence of Hourly Carbon Monoxide Measurements , 1979 .

[70]  M. Danard,et al.  Numerical Modeling of Carbon Monoxide Concentrations Near Highways , 1972 .

[71]  David P. Chock.  On estimating air pollution concentrations from a highway in an oblique wind , 1974 .

[72]  Michael Claggett,et al.  A comparison of three highway line source dispersion models , 1978 .

[73]  R. Sivacoumar,et al.  Comparison and Performance Evaluation of Models Used for Vehicular Pollution Prediction , 2001 .

[74]  F. Nieuwstadt,et al.  A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—I. Dispersion characteristics , 1992 .

[75]  Gopal Sistla,et al.  TURBULENT DIFFUSION BEHIND VEHICLES: EVALUATION OF ROADWAY MODELS , 1986 .

[76]  Rashmi S. Patil,et al.  A GENERAL FINITE LINE SOURCE MODEL FOR VEHICULAR POLLUTION PREDICTION , 1989 .

[77]  S. Frankel,et al.  Stability conditions in the numerical treatment of parabolic differential equations , 1953 .

[78]  A. J. Jakeman,et al.  Prediction of seasonal extremes of one-hour average urban CO concentrations , 1991 .

[79]  Mukesh Khare,et al.  Performance evaluation of general finite line source model for Delhi traffic conditions , 1999 .

[80]  P. Young,et al.  Time series analysis, forecasting and control , 1972, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[81]  Richard G. Derwent,et al.  Analysis and interpretation of air quality data from an urban roadside location in Central London over the period from July 1991 to July 1992 , 1995 .

[82]  Kurt Hornik,et al.  FEED FORWARD NETWORKS ARE UNIVERSAL APPROXIMATORS , 1989 .

[83]  B A Egan,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES TO SIMULATE MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION LEVELS , 1973 .

[84]  V H Waterfield,et al.  A USER'S GUIDE TO THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR PREDICTING AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC , 1984 .

[85]  Andrew C. Comrie,et al.  Climatology and forecast modeling of ambient carbon monoxide in Phoenix, Arizona , 1999 .

[86]  Robert G. Lamb,et al.  An interim version of a generalized urban air pollution model , 1971 .

[87]  S. Nicholson,et al.  A pollution model for street-level air. , 1975, Atmospheric environment.

[88]  Jerry A. Bullin,et al.  Analysis and Modeling of Air Quality at Street Intersections , 1983 .

[89]  W. Hoydysh,et al.  Air Movement and Vehicular Pollution in Urban Canyons , 1987 .

[90]  D. R. Middleton,et al.  NOMOGRAMS FOR CALCULATING POLLUTION WITHIN STREET CANYONS , 1999 .

[91]  Carlos Alberto Brebbia,et al.  Air pollution VIII , 2000 .

[92]  Tai Yup Chang,et al.  Current concepts and applications of air quality simulation models , 1980 .

[93]  Gwilym M. Jenkins,et al.  Time series analysis, forecasting and control , 1971 .

[94]  L. Myrup,et al.  Diffusion from a line source in an urban atmosphere , 1975 .

[95]  Charles E Ward,et al.  CALINE2: AN IMPROVED MICROSCALE MODEL FOR THE DIFFUSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS FROM A LINE SOURCE , 1976 .

[96]  J. Kraft,et al.  Dispersion of Car Emissions in the Vicinity of a Highway , 1988 .

[97]  K. W. Ragland,et al.  Boundary layer model for air pollutant concentrations due to highway traffic. , 1975, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.

[98]  Mukesh Khare,et al.  APPLICATION OF INTERVENTION ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CO POLLUTION CONTROL LEGISLATION IN INDIA , 1999 .

[99]  J. F. Dilley,et al.  Effect of a mesoscale type wind on the pollutant distribution from a line source , 1971 .

[100]  Howard Segal.  Microcomputer Graphics in Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling , 1983 .

[101]  Pc Manins.  Air pollution modelling since lvass , 1993 .

[102]  K. Hsu.  Time series analysis of the interdependence among air pollutants , 1992 .

[103]  Johannes Ledolter,et al.  Statistical models for ambient air pollutants, with special reference to the Los Angeles catalyst study (LACS) data , 1979 .

[104]  Ari Karppinen,et al.  Comparison of dispersion model predictions and the results from an urban air quality measurement network , 1997 .

[105]  C D Cooper.  Persistence factors for mobile source (roadway) carbon monoxide modeling , 1989 .

[106]  U. Munshi,et al.  Application of ATDL Type Models to Bombay , 1981 .

[107]  R. Eskridge,et al.  Experimental and theoretical study of the wake of a block-shaped vehicle in a shear-free boundary flow , 1982 .

[108]  M. Gardner,et al.  Neural network modelling and prediction of hourly NOx and NO2 concentrations in urban air in London , 1999 .

[109]  M. Khare,et al.  Application of extreme value theory for predicting violations of air quality standards for an urban road intersection , 1999 .

[110]  G. T. Csanady,et al.  Crosswind shear effects on atmospheric diffusion , 1972 .

[111]  Katarzyna Juda,et al.  Modelling of the air pollution in the cracow area , 1986 .

[112]  C. J. Sliggers,et al.  The CAR model: The Dutch method to determine city street air quality , 1993 .

[113]  Robert E. Eskridge,et al.  Measurement and Prediction of Traffic-Induced Turbulence and Velocity Fields Near Roadways , 1983 .

[114]  J. R. Zimmerman,et al.  USER'S GUIDE FOR HIWAY. A HIGHWAY AIR POLLUTION MODEL , 1975 .

[115]  Hitoshi Kono,et al.  A comparison of concentration estimates by the OMG VOLUME-SOURCE dispersion model with three line source dispersion models , 1990 .

[116]  Panos G. Georgopoulos,et al.  Statistical distributions of air pollutant concentrations. , 1982, Environmental science & technology.

[117]  Chang-Chuan Chan,et al.  Predicting personal exposure levels to carbon monoxide (CO) in Taipei, based on actual CO measurements in microenvironments and a Monte Carlo simulation method , 1994 .

[118]  R A Rasmussen,et al.  Carbon monoxide in an urban environment: application of a receptor model for source apportionment. , 1988, JAPCA.

[119]  J. M. Norbeck,et al.  NO/sub 2/ air quality - precursor relationship: an ambient air quality evaluation in the Los Angeles basin , 1980 .

[120]  P. J. Lawther,et al.  AIR POLLUTION IN A CITY STREET , 1965, British journal of industrial medicine.

[121]  T McGuire,et al.  Relationship between concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and averaging time , 1971 .

[122]  John S. Wilson,et al.  An Evaluation of Some Commonly Used Highway Dispersion Models , 1980 .

[123]  Hitoshi Kono,et al.  A micro-scale dispersion model for motor vehicle exhaust gas in urban areas—OMG volume-source model , 1990 .

[124]  J Hickman,et al.  AIR POLLUTION MODELLING , 1995 .

[125]  H. Mayer.  Air pollution in cities , 1999 .

[126]  Jerry A. Bullin,et al.  Dispersion of Carbon Monoxide from Roadways at Low Wind Speeds , 1979 .

[127]  Masud Karim,et al.  Traffic pollution inventories and modeling in metropolitan Dhaka, Bangladesh , 1999 .

[128]  E. Hernández,et al.  Frequency analysis of high CO concentrations in Madrid by stochastic process modelling , 1984 .

[129]  J. M. Norbeck,et al.  Urban-Center CO Air Quality Projections , 1980 .

[130]  Trevor D. Davies,et al.  Regression and stochastic models for air pollution. II: Application of stochastic models to examine the links between ground-level smoke concentrations and temperature inversions , 1994 .

[131]  Robert H. Aron,et al.  Statistical Forecasting Models:I. Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in the Los Angeles Basin , 1978 .

[132]  John Zamurs,et al.  Modeling of Carbon Monoxide Hot Spots , 1982 .

[133]  A. Comrie.  Comparing Neural Networks and Regression Models for Ozone Forecasting , 1997 .

[134]  G. Sistla,et al.  DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS NEAR HIGHWAYS - EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND DATA ACQUISITION PROCEDURES , 1974 .

[135]  Oliver Graham Sutton,et al.  A Theory of Eddy Diffusion in the Atmosphere , 1932 .

[136]  Kenneth L. Demerjian,et al.  Highway Modeling. Part II: Advection and Diffusion of SF6 Tracer Gas , 1979 .

[137]  D P Chock,et al.  A simple line-source model for dispersion near roadways. , 1978, Atmospheric environment.

[138]  Jari Härkönen,et al.  THE EMISSIONS, DISPERSION AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF TRAFFIC-ORIGINATED NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE HELSINKI METROPOLITAN AREA , 1998 .

[139]  Jerry A. Bullin,et al.  Comparison of Roadway Pollutant Dispersion Models Using the Texas Data , 1982 .

[140]  Saffa Riffat,et al.  Local aspects of vehicular pollution , 1997 .