Detecting the Locations of Brazilian Pepper Trees in the Everglades with a Hyperspectral Sensor1

Brazilian pepper is a small evergreen tree that forms dense colonies. It was introduced for horticultural use in the United States in the early 1800s and was widely distributed in Florida in the late 1920s. Previous remote-sensing projects to detect Brazilian pepper achieved moderate success and warranted additional research using a hyperspectral sensor. Detection with remote sensing is desirable because complete access to ground survey crews is not practical. The western half of the Everglades National Park was imaged at a 5-m spatial resolution with a hyperspectral sensor by Earth Search Sciences Inc. of Kalispell, MT, on December 12, 2000, and January 10, 2001. The sensor has 128 channels and spectral resolution between 450 and 2,500 nm. The purpose of this research was to develop spectral reflectance curves for Brazilian pepper and establish the accuracy of classified images. Classified images showed that a hyperspectral sensor could detect a “pure” Brazilian pepper pixel representing the center of an infestation but not “mixed” Brazilian pepper pixels at the sparsely populated edges. To define the sparse populations, images were classified using a spatial buffer (15- to 100-m radius) based on a low–omissional error image. A 25-m buffer reduced the amount of commissional error for Brazilian pepper in mangrove-dominated forest to 8.2% and buttonwood-dominated forest to 0%. Wider buffers did not significantly improve image accuracy when compared with the 25-m buffer distance. Results indicate that removal crews using hyperspectral images will be able to reliably find the colonies of Brazilian pepper but will not be able to use the images to find isolated scattered trees. Nomenclature: Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) #3 SCITE. Additional index words: Hyperspectral sensor, imaging spectrometer, invasive plant detection, whiskbroom scanner. Abbreviations: GPS, global positioning system without differential correction; PLOS, posteriori least-squares orthogonal subspace projection; SAM, spectral angle mapper; USGS-BRD/SERP, United States Geological Survey—Biological Resource Division/Southeast Environmental Research Program.

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