Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of adult spasticity in the upper motor neuron syndrome.

[1]  R. Teasell,et al.  Does the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity following stroke with botulinum toxin increase gait velocity? A systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2010, European journal of neurology.

[2]  M. Barnes,et al.  Efficacy and safety of NT 201 for upper limb spasticity of various etiologies – a randomized parallel‐group study , 2010, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[3]  R. Kaji,et al.  Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke upper limb spasticity , 2010, Current medical research and opinion.

[4]  Ryuji Kaji,et al.  Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke lower limb spasticity: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 2010, Journal of Neurology.

[5]  T. Platz,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Neurotoxin NT 201 in Poststroke Upper Limb Spasticity , 2009, Clinical neuropharmacology.

[6]  J. Gracies,et al.  Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: a double-blind controlled study. , 2009, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[7]  J. Gracies,et al.  Botulinum neurotoxin versus tizanidine in upper limb spasticity: a placebo-controlled study , 2008, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.

[8]  J. Borg,et al.  Prevalence of disabling spasticity 1 year after first‐ever stroke , 2008, European journal of neurology.

[9]  M. Hallett,et al.  Assessment: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders (an evidence-based review) Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology , 2008 .

[10]  J. Gracies,et al.  Assessment: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of NeurologySYMBOL , 2008, Neurology.

[11]  D. Dressler,et al.  Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations , 2007, Disability and rehabilitation.

[12]  L. Widén Holmqvist,et al.  Spasticity and Its Association with Functioning and Health-Related Quality of Life 18 Months after Stroke , 2006, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[13]  C. Wedekind,et al.  Long-term outcome in severe traumatic brain injury is significantly influenced by brainstem involvement , 2005, Brain injury.

[14]  A. Suputtitada,et al.  The lowest effective dose of botulinum A toxin in adult patients with upper limb spasticity , 2005, Disability and rehabilitation.

[15]  A. Ward,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin on lower limb spasticity following acute acquired severe brain injury , 2005, Clinical rehabilitation.

[16]  Alberto Esquenazi,et al.  Instrumented Assessment of Muscle Overactivity and Spasticity with Dynamic Polyelectromyographic and Motion Analysis for Treatment Planning , 2004, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[17]  T. Vollmer,et al.  Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients , 2004, Multiple sclerosis.

[18]  M. Reding,et al.  Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke. , 2004, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[19]  A. Brashear,et al.  Botulinum toxin type B in upper-limb poststroke spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. , 2004, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[20]  M. V. von Arbin,et al.  Spasticity After Stroke: Its Occurrence and Association With Motor Impairments and Activity Limitations , 2003, Stroke.

[21]  G. Sheean Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity , 2003, Expert review of neurotherapeutics.

[22]  A. Esquenazi,et al.  Muscle overactivity and movement dysfunction in the upper motoneuron syndrome. , 2003, Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America.

[23]  O. Hardiman,et al.  A Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of Three Doses of Botulinum Toxin Type A (Dysport®) in the Treatment of Spastic Equinovarus Deformity after Stroke , 2003, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[24]  M. Barnes,et al.  Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis , 2003, Neurorehabilitation and neural repair.

[25]  E. Elovic,et al.  Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[26]  M. Leathley,et al.  Prevalence of spasticity post stroke , 2002, Clinical rehabilitation.

[27]  R. Chintam,et al.  A database of self-reported secondary medical problems among VA spinal cord injury patients: its role in clinical care and management. , 2002, Journal of rehabilitation research and development.

[28]  S. Otto,et al.  A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke , 2001, European journal of neurology.

[29]  L. Noreau,et al.  Secondary Impairments After Spinal Cord Injury: A Population-Based Study , 2000, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[30]  Richard Greenwood,et al.  Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults , 2000, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[31]  Werner Poewe,et al.  A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Three Doses of Botulinum Toxin Type A (Dysport) With Placebo in Upper Limb Spasticity After Stroke , 2000, Stroke.

[32]  B. Bhakta,et al.  Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial , 2000, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[33]  N. Hyman,et al.  Botulinum toxin (Dysport®) treatment of hip adductor spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study , 2000, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[34]  S. Smith,et al.  A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury , 2000, Clinical rehabilitation.

[35]  Å. Seiger,et al.  Spasticity after traumatic spinal cord injury: nature, severity, and location. , 1999, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[36]  D S Goodin,et al.  A questionnaire to assess neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis , 1998, Multiple sclerosis.

[37]  S. Hesse,et al.  Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 1998, Clinical rehabilitation.

[38]  G. Whiteneck,et al.  Secondary conditions following spinal cord injury in a population-based sample , 1998, Spinal Cord.

[39]  D. M. Simpson,et al.  Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity , 1996, Neurology.

[40]  C A Anson,et al.  Incidence of secondary complications in spinal cord injury , 1996, International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation.

[41]  F. Maynard,et al.  Epidemiology of spasticity following traumatic spinal cord injury. , 1990, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.