Assessment in historical perspective

A historical perspective on assessment is presented, organized around seven themes, and located in the time window between the early middle ages and the end of the 19th century: ways of questioning, the graded school, medieval university examinations, the disputation, ranking and marking systems, examinations and personnel selection, and the possibly facilitating influence of Chinese mandarin examinations on the development of meritocratic assessment. It is concluded that the essential characteristics of current assessment practice were already established by the end of the 19th century, in contrast to the received view on 'educational measurement' being a direct descendant of the innovative work of Galton and Binet.

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