Thermal performance of juvenile Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.

Summary 1 Experimental data for maximum growth and food consumption of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr from five Norwegian rivers situated between 59 and 70°N were analysed and modelled. The growth and feeding models were also applied to groups of Atlantic Salmon growing and feeding at rates below the maximum. The data were fitted to the Ratkowsky model, originally developed for bacterial growth. 2 The rates of growth and food consumption varied significantly among populations but the variation appeared unrelated to thermal conditions in the river of population origins. No correlation was found between the thermal conditions and limits for growth, thermal growth optima or maximum growth, and hypotheses of population-specific thermal adaptation were not supported. Estimated optimum temperatures for growth were between 16 and 20 °C. 3  Model parameter estimates differed among growth-groups in that maximum growth and the performance breadth decreased from fast to slow growing individuals. The optimum temperature for growth did not change with growth rate. 4  The model for food consumption (expressed in energy terms) peaked at 19–21 °C, which is only slightly higher than the optimal temperature for growth. Growth appeared directly related to food consumption. Consumption was initiated ≈2 °C below the lower temperature for growth and terminated ≈1·5 °C above the upper critical temperature for growth. Model parameter estimates for consumption differed among growth-groups in a manner similar to the growth models. 5 By combining the growth and consumption models, growth efficiencies were estimated. The maximum efficiencies were high, 42–58%, and higher in rivers offering hostile than benign feeding and growth opportunities.

[1]  F. W. Whicker,et al.  RADIOCESIUM RETENTION BY RAINBOW TROUT AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE AND WEIGHT. , 1972 .

[2]  B. Jonsson,et al.  Differences in life history and migratory behaviour between wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon in nature , 1991 .

[3]  E. Petersson,et al.  Growth hormone‐induced effects on mortality, energy status and growth: a field study on Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) , 1999 .

[4]  J. Levinton.  THE LATITUDINAL COMPENSATION HYPOTHESIS: GROWTH DATA AND A MODEL OF LATITUDINAL GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION BASED UPON ENERGY BUDGETS. I. INTERSPECIFIC COMPARISON OF OPHRYOTROCHA (POLYCHAETA: DORVILLEIDAE). , 1983, The Biological bulletin.

[5]  E. Petersson,et al.  Domestication and growth hormone alter antipredator behaviour and growth patterns in juvenile brown trout, Salmo trutta , 1996 .

[6]  J. Levinton,et al.  LATITUDINAL DIFFERENTIATION IN EMBRYONIC DURATION, EGG SIZE, AND NEWBORN SURVIVAL IN A HARPACTICOID COPEPOD , 1985 .

[7]  S. Einum,et al.  Experimental tests of genetic divergence of farmed from wild Atlantic salmon due to domestication , 1997 .

[8]  J. M. Elliott,et al.  A new functional model for estimating the maximum amount of invertebrate food consumed per day by brown trout, Salmo trutta , 1998 .

[9]  D. Conover,et al.  Countergradient variation in growth among newly hatched Fundulus heteroclitus : geographic differences revealed by common-environment experiments , 1996 .

[10]  A. Nicieza,et al.  Differentiation in juvenile growth and bimodality patterns between northern and southern populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) , 1994 .

[11]  N. R. Kevern.  Feeding Rate of Carp Estimated by a Radioisotopic Method , 1966 .

[12]  J. M. Elliott,et al.  A functional model for maximum growth of Atlantic Salmon parr, Salmo salar, from two populations in northwest England , 1997 .

[13]  J. H. L’Abée-Lund,et al.  Longevity, Body Size, and Growth in Anadromous Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) , 1991 .

[14]  K. R. Allen.  Comparison of the Growth Rate of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) in a New Zealand Stream with Experimental Fish in Britain , 1985 .

[15]  T. Forseth,et al.  Latitudinal variation in growth of young brown trout Salmo trutta , 2000 .

[16]  S. Larsson,et al.  Growth and food consumption of 0+ Arctic charr fed pelleted or natural food at six different temperatures , 1998 .

[17]  T. Gjedrem,et al.  Selection experiments with salmon: IV. Growth of Atlantic salmon during two years in the sea , 1978 .

[18]  B. Gjerde.  Growth and reproduction in fish and shellfish , 1986 .

[19]  J. Levinton,et al.  THE LATITUDINAL COMPENSATION HYPOTHESIS: GROWTH DATA AND A MODEL OF LATITUDINAL GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION BASED UPON ENERGY BUDGETS. II. INTRASPECIFIC COMPARISONS BETWEEN SUBSPECIES OF OPHRYOTROCHA PUERILIS (POLYCHAETA: DORVILLEIDAE). , 1983, The Biological bulletin.

[20]  Paul J. B. Hart.  Foraging in Teleost Fishes , 1986 .

[21]  B. Jonsson,et al.  Long-term study of the ecology of wild Atlantic salmon smolts in a small Norwegian river , 1998 .

[22]  D. E. Gill,et al.  COUNTERGRADIENT SELECTION IN THE GREEN FROG, RANA CLAMITANS , 1979, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[23]  A. F. Bennett,et al.  EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATURE II. THERMAL NICHES OF EXPERIMENTAL LINES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI , 1993, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[24]  B. Jonsson,et al.  Partial segregation in the timing of migration of Atlantic salmon of different ages , 1990, Animal Behaviour.

[25]  I. Ostrovsky.  The parabolic pattern of animal growth: determination of equation parameters and their temperature dependencies , 1995 .

[26]  J. M. Elliott,et al.  Number of meals in a day, maximum weight of food consumed in a day and maximum rate of feeding for brown trout, Salmo trutta L. , 1975 .

[27]  D. E. Gill,et al.  Interpreting Geographic Variation in Life-History Traits , 1983 .

[28]  J. Johnsson,et al.  Growth hormone increases predation exposure of rainbow trout , 1996, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[29]  B. Jonsson,et al.  Body composition and energy allocation in life-history stages of brown trout , 1998 .

[30]  Marc Mangel,et al.  Seasonal matching of foraging to anticipated energy requirements in anorexic juvenile salmon , 1996, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[31]  J. M. Elliott,et al.  The Growth Rate of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Fed on Maximum Rations , 1975 .

[32]  J. M. Elliott,et al.  A new, improved growth model for brown trout, Salmo trutta , 1995 .

[33]  D. M. Ware,et al.  Growth, Metabolism, and Optimal Swimming Speed of a Pelagic Fish , 1975 .

[34]  Robert Tibshirani,et al.  An Introduction to the Bootstrap , 1994 .

[35]  B. Jonsson,et al.  A FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF RADIOCESIUM TURNOVER IN BROWN TROUT , 1997 .

[36]  J. M. Elliott.  Quantitative ecology and the brown trout , 1995 .

[37]  K. Friedland,et al.  Linkage between ocean climate, post-smolt growth, and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Sea area , 2000 .

[38]  B. Jonsson,et al.  Variation in age, size and repeat spawning of adult Atlantic salmon in relation to river discharge , 1991 .

[39]  Peter H. Niewiarowski,et al.  Reciprocal Transplant Reveals Sources of Variation in Growth Rates of the Lizard Sceloporus Undulatus , 1993 .

[40]  Peter Calow,et al.  Physiological ecology of animals , 1986 .

[41]  D. Conover,et al.  Phenotypic similarity and the evolutionary significance of countergradient variation. , 1995, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[42]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL MATURITY AND EXPONENTIAL GROWTH RATE OF AVIAN SKELETAL MUSCLE: A CONSTRAINT ON EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE , 1994, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[43]  R. Levins.  Thermal Acclimation and Heat Resistance in Drosophila Species , 1969, The American Naturalist.

[44]  B. Jonsson,et al.  Effects of temperature and body size on radiocaesium retention in brown trout, Salmo trutta , 1992 .

[45]  J. M. Elliott,et al.  Functional models for growth and food consumption of Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar, from a Norwegian river , 2001 .

[46]  A. N. Stokes,et al.  Model for bacterial culture growth rate throughout the entire biokinetic temperature range , 1983, Journal of bacteriology.

[47]  D. E. Gill,et al.  COUNTERGRADIENT SELECTION IN THE GREEN FROG , 1979 .