Individual risk assessment in MDS in the era of genomic medicine.

Assessment of risk for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes has evolved from pure morphological bone marrow assessment to a series of validated prognostic scoring systems whose 'risk' assessment is of death (overall survival) or disease progression (AML transformation). The revised International Prognostic Scoring System (2012) improved the precision for prognosis but did not consider patient-specific factors such as comorbidity and performance status, which have a clear impact on outcome, particularly in lower-risk MDS. The improved understanding of MDS biology predominantly through genomic mutational analysis, flow cytometry and gene expression profiling poses a question regarding incorporation of these parameters into the existing scoring systems. Although some gene mutations have clear prognostic significance (e.g. SF3B1, TP53), there is no definitive and reproducible evidence that this additional knowledge will change management. Although incorporation of some of these novel data into risk assessment may be imminent, the IPSS-R remains the gold standard tool for everyday practice.