Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Head-Related Transfer Function Filter Design

The problem of modeling head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) is addressed. Traditionally HRTFs are approximated in real-time applications using minimum-phase reconstruction and various digital filter design techniques, yielding FIR or IIR structures. In this work, binaural auditory modeling has been applied to HRTF analysis, and filter design methods have been compared from the auditory perception point of view. Applicable perceptually valid filter design techniques are presented, and listening test results for localization and timbre degradation are discussed.

[1]  B. Moore,et al.  A revision of Zwicker's loudness model , 1996 .

[2]  Unto K. Laine,et al.  Splitting the Unit Delay - Tools for fractional delay filter design , 1996 .

[3]  Hugo Fastl,et al.  Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models , 1990 .

[4]  Thomas Baer,et al.  A model for the prediction of thresholds, loudness, and partial loudness , 1997 .

[5]  A. W. M. van den Enden,et al.  Discrete Time Signal Processing , 1989 .

[6]  W. G. Gardner,et al.  HRTF measurements of a KEMAR , 1995 .

[7]  B. Friedlander,et al.  The Modified Yule-Walker Method of ARMA Spectral Estimation , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[8]  W. Gaik,et al.  Combined evaluation of interaural time and intensity differences: psychoacoustic results and computer modeling. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[9]  H. Colburn,et al.  Sensitivity of human subjects to head-related transfer-function phase spectra. , 1999, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[10]  Ewan A. Macpherson,et al.  A Computer Model of Binaural Localization for Stereo Imaging Measurement , 1989 .

[11]  Dorte Hammershøi,et al.  What is the Most Efficient Way of Representing HTF Filters , 1994 .

[12]  A. Schmitz,et al.  SIMPLIFYING CANCELLATION OF CROSS-TALK FOR PLAYBACK OF HEAD-RELATED RECORDINGS IN A TWO-SPEAKER SYSTEM , 1993 .

[13]  J. Blauert Spatial Hearing: The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization , 1983 .

[14]  H. Colburn,et al.  On the minimum-phase approximation of head-related transfer functions , 1995, Proceedings of 1995 Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Accoustics.

[15]  I. Kale,et al.  Low-order modeling of head-related transfer functions using balanced model truncation , 1997, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[16]  Matti Karjalainen,et al.  Review of digital filter design and implementation methods for 3-D sound , 1997 .

[17]  Richard O. Duda,et al.  A structural model for binaural sound synthesis , 1998, IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process..

[18]  Rick L. Jenison A spherical basis function neural network for pole-zero modeling of head-related transfer functions , 1995, Proceedings of 1995 Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Accoustics.

[19]  Gregory H. Wakefield,et al.  On the design of pole-zero approximations using a logarithmic error measure , 1994, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[20]  William L. Martens,et al.  Simulating the Cues of Spatial Hearing in Natural Environments , 1984, ICMC.

[21]  William M. Hartmann,et al.  Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models , 2001 .

[22]  F. Wightman,et al.  A model of head-related transfer functions based on principal components analysis and minimum-phase reconstruction. , 1992, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[23]  Michael Friis Sørensen,et al.  Head-Related Transfer Functions of Human Subjects , 1995 .

[24]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Creating Interactive Virtual Acoustic Environments , 1999 .

[25]  B. Moore,et al.  Auditory filter shapes at low center frequencies. , 1990, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[26]  L A JEFFRESS,et al.  A place theory of sound localization. , 1948, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[27]  F. Asano,et al.  Role of spectral cues in median plane localization. , 1990, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[28]  Gary S. Kendall,et al.  The Simulation of Three-Dimensional Localization Cues for Headphone Listening , 1981, ICMC.

[29]  Gregory H. Wakefield,et al.  Pole-zero approximations for head-related transfer functions using a logarithmic error criterion , 1997, IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process..

[30]  Keh-Shew Lu,et al.  DIGITAL FILTER DESIGN , 1973 .

[31]  V. Mellert,et al.  Transformation characteristics of the external human ear. , 1977, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[32]  W. Lindemann Extension of a binaural cross-correlation model by contralateral inhibition. I. Simulation of lateralization for stationary signals. , 1986, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[33]  Methods for the subjective assessment of small impairments in audio systems , 2015 .

[34]  Shao-Po Wu,et al.  Minimum perceptual spectral distance FIR filter design , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[35]  H. Strube Linear prediction on a warped frequency scale , 1980 .

[36]  Conor Ryan,et al.  Effects of Headphone Placement on Headphone Equalization for Binaural Reproduction , 1995 .

[37]  M. Karjalainen,et al.  DSP software integration by object-oriented programming: a case study of QuickSig , 1990, IEEE ASSP Magazine.

[38]  A. Harma,et al.  Warped filters and their audio applications , 1997, Proceedings of 1997 Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics.

[39]  Jean-Marc Jot,et al.  Digital Signal Processing Issues in the Context of Binaural and Transaural Stereophony , 1995 .

[40]  Jonathan S. Abel,et al.  The Bark bilinear transform , 1995, Proceedings of 1995 Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Accoustics.

[41]  Durand R. Begault,et al.  Challenges to the Successful Implementation of 3-D Sound , 1991 .

[42]  Dorte Hammershøi,et al.  Binaural Auralization: Comparison of FIR and IIR Filter Representation of HIRs , 1994 .

[43]  Jyri Huopaniemi,et al.  Comparison of Loudspeaker Equalization Methods Based on DSP Techniques , 1999 .