Process plant layout

rangements are covered, as is designing their thermal sleeves which are vital to vessel thermal-shock protection. Stresses in bolts and the design of bolted and nonbolted closures receive extensive treatment as do the use of crack arrest features to negate brittle fracture potential. Vessel support skirts, saddles, and attachments impose both structural and thermal loadings that must be reconciled with the vessel pressure stresses. Gaskets are essential to removable closures and their type, design, and control parameters are presented. Thin claddings are widely used to prevent corrosion of the base metal or contamination of the media, and their life is appraised. Chapter 7 introduces fabrication-construction methods and their economic potential. This includes novel innovations to satisfy a unique requirement, such as filament-wound, multilayer, wire-wrapped, link-belt, coiled, prestressed steel and concrete, and other vessels. Material selection is by basic cost per unit of stress and optimum safety factors utilizing advanced composites, high strength materials, or those with enhanced properties such as that obtained from directional solidification for use in a creep rupture environment. Fabrication methods like modular construction, cryogenic and high energy forming, adhesive joints, metallurgical bonding and healing of internal defects by hot isostatic pressing, etc. all to achieve the economic goal of low cost and long service life-are presented. Chapter 8 introduces the stability theory of plain and stiffened vessels, and its application to the design of thin, intermediate and thick walled ones. The overall stabilizing effect of structural stiffeners, as well as their effect in regions of high local compressive stress, is covered from initial design, failure analysis, and repair viewpoints. This forms the basis for the development of regulatory codes and compliance standards. The fabrication tolerances and construction details of noncircularity, local thinning, unreinforced openings, and stress concentrators are not self-limiting or self-compensating in a buckling phenomenon, and these critical effects are evaluated."