Biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Staphylococcus arlettae strain VN-11 using a sequential microaerophilic/aerobic process.

A facultative Staphylococcus arlettae bacterium, isolated from an activated sludge process in a textile industry, was able to successfully decolourize four different azo dyes under microaerophilic conditions (decolourization percentage >97%). Further aeration of the decolourized effluent was performed to promote oxidation of the degradation products. The degradation products were characterized by FT-IR and UV–vis techniques and their toxicity with respect to Daphnia magna was measured. The amine concentrations as well as the total organic carbon (TOC) levels were monitored during the biodegradation process. The presence of aromatic amine in the microaerophilic stage and its absence in the aerobic stage indicated the presence of azoreductase activity and an oxidative biodegradation process, respectively. TOC reduction was ∼15% in the microaerophilic stage and ∼70% in the aerobic stage. The results provided evidence that, using a single Staphylococcus arlettae strain in the same bioreactor, the sequential microaerophilic/aerobic stages were able to form aromatic amines by reductive break-down of the azo bond and to oxidize them into non-toxic metabolites.

[1]  Jian Yu,et al.  Decolourisation of Acid Violet 7 with complex pellets of white rot fungus and activated carbon , 2000 .

[2]  S. Kaul,et al.  Microaerophilic–aerobic sequential batch reactor for treatment of azo dyes containing simulated wastewater , 2005 .

[3]  P. Gogate,et al.  A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions , 2004 .

[4]  A. Stolz,et al.  Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Gene Coding for the Aerobic Azoreductase from Xenophilus azovorans KF46F , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[5]  W. Feng,et al.  Degradation mechanism of azo dye C. I. reactive red 2 by iron powder reduction and photooxidation in aqueous solutions. , 2000, Chemosphere.

[6]  S. L. Hopper,et al.  Biochemical and molecular characterization of an azoreductase from Staphylococcus aureus, a tetrameric NADPH-dependent flavoprotein. , 2005, Microbiology.

[7]  J. Bumpus.  Microbial degradation of azo dyes , 1995 .

[8]  V. Renganathan,et al.  Phenolic Azo Dye Oxidation by Laccase from Pyricularia oryzae , 1995, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[9]  E. Stackebrandt,et al.  Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics , 1991 .

[10]  M. Amoozegar,et al.  Decolorization of textile azo dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. , 2007, Bioresource Technology.

[11]  K. Lam,et al.  Detection of primary aromatic amines on solid phase , 2003 .

[12]  Pierre Strehaiano,et al.  Microbial decolorization of reactive azo dyes in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic system , 2004 .

[13]  R. Crawford,et al.  Influence of aromatic substitution patterns on azo dye degradability by Streptomyces spp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium , 1992, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[14]  A. Kandelbauer,et al.  A New Alkali-Thermostable Azoreductase from Bacillus sp. Strain SF , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[15]  H. Call,et al.  History, overview and applications of mediated lignolytic systems, especially laccase-mediator-systems (Lignozym-process) , 1997 .

[16]  S. Lele,et al.  Synthetic dye decolorization by white rot fungus, Ganoderma sp. WR-1. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[17]  J. Field,et al.  Screening for ligninolytic fungi applicable to the biodegradation of xenobiotics , 1993 .

[18]  M. Işık,et al.  Aromatic Amine Degradation in a UASB/CSTR Sequential System Treating Congo Red Dye , 2003, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[19]  T. Hu.  Kinetics of azoreductase and assessment of toxicity of metabolic products from azo dyes by Pseudomonas luteola. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[20]  McMullan,et al.  Metabolism of the phthalocyanine textile dye remazol turquoise blue by phanerochaete chrysosporium , 1999, FEMS microbiology letters.

[21]  Carolyn I. Pearce,et al.  The removal of colour from textile wastewater using whole bacterial cells: a review , 2003 .

[22]  A. Marzocchella,et al.  Azo-dye conversion by means of Pseudomonas sp. OX1 , 2007 .

[23]  F. J. Holler,et al.  Principles of Instrumental Analysis , 1973 .

[24]  D. Kirwan,et al.  Correlation of Fermentation Yield with Yeast Extract Composition as Characterized by Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy , 1998, Biotechnology progress.

[25]  S. Kim,et al.  The effects of reductant and carbon source on the microbial decolorization of azo dyes in an anaerobic sludge process , 2008 .

[26]  K. Harazono,et al.  Decolorization of mixtures of different reactive textile dyes by the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete sordida and inhibitory effect of polyvinyl alcohol. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[27]  F. Kargı,et al.  Biological decolorization of textile dyestuff containing wastewater by Coriolus versicolor in a rotating biological contactor , 2002 .

[28]  Paul G Tratnyek,et al.  Reduction of azo dyes with zero-valent iron , 2000 .

[29]  Santiago Villaverde,et al.  Combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment of azo dyes--a short review of bioreactor studies. , 2005, Water research.

[30]  Jo‐Shu Chang,et al.  Kinetic characteristics of bacterial azo-dye decolorization by Pseudomonas luteola. , 2001, Water research.

[31]  G. Feijoo,et al.  Use of a fungal bioreactor as a pretreatment or post-treatment step for continuous decolorisation of dyes , 1999 .

[32]  J. Friedrich,et al.  Fungal and enzymatic decolourisation of artificial textile dye baths. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[33]  J. Libra,et al.  Competition strategies for the decolorization of a textile-reactive dye with the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor under non-sterile conditions. , 2003, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[34]  J. Libra,et al.  Decolorization of reactive dyes by the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor in sequencing batch reactors. , 2001, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[35]  F. Kargı,et al.  Comparison of white-rot fungi cultures for decolorization of textile dyestuffs , 2000 .

[36]  Jo‐Shu Chang,et al.  Fed‐Batch Bioreactor Strategies for Microbial Decolorization of Azo Dye Using a Pseudomonasluteola Strain , 2000, Biotechnology progress.

[37]  Young-Choon Lee,et al.  Decolorization of a Sulfonated Azo Dye, Congo Red, by Staphylococcus sp. EY-3 , 2005 .

[38]  A. Osuntoki,et al.  Textile effluent biodegradation potentials of textile effluent-adapted and non-adapted bacteria , 2006 .

[39]  Jules B van Lier,et al.  Review paper on current technologies for decolourisation of textile wastewaters: perspectives for anaerobic biotechnology. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[40]  T. Robinson,et al.  Microbial decolourisation and degradation of textile dyes , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[41]  Jeffrey Philip Obbard,et al.  Decolourisation of azo dyes by white-rot fungi (WRF) isolated in Singapore , 2003 .

[42]  Aniruddha B. Pandit,et al.  A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment II: hybrid methods , 2004 .

[43]  D. Madamwar,et al.  Decolourization of textile dye Reactive Violet 5 by a newly isolated bacterial consortium RVM 11.1 , 2005 .

[44]  H. Pinheiro,et al.  Batch tests for assessing decolourisation of azo dyes by methanogenic and mixed cultures. , 2001, Journal of Biotechnology.

[45]  U. Hölker,et al.  Evidence for functional laccases in the acidophilic ascomycete Hortaea acidophila and isolation of laccase-specific gene fragments. , 2005, FEMS microbiology letters.

[46]  İ. Yaşa,et al.  Decolorization of Acid Black 210 by Vibrio harveyi TEMS1, a newly isolated bioluminescent bacterium from Izmir Bay, Turkey , 2008 .

[47]  C. Cerniglia,et al.  Biotransformation of Malachite Green by the FungusCunninghamella elegans , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[48]  P. Wong,et al.  Decolorization and biodegradation of methyl red by Klebsiella pneumoniae RS-13 , 1996 .

[49]  Jo‐Shu Chang,et al.  Decolorization kinetics of a recombinant Escherichia coli strain harboring azo-dye-decolorizing determinants from Rhodococcus sp. , 2001, Biotechnology Letters.

[50]  N. Saitou,et al.  The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. , 1987, Molecular biology and evolution.

[51]  Sudhir Kumar,et al.  MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment , 2004, Briefings Bioinform..

[52]  B. S. Chadha,et al.  Decolorization of various azo dyes by bacterial consortium , 2005 .

[53]  Jinsong Shen,et al.  Biotreatment of textile effluent Using pseudomonas SPP. Immobilised on polymer supports , 2002 .

[54]  R. Crawford,et al.  New pathway for degradation of sulfonated azo dyes by microbial peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Streptomyces chromofuscus , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[55]  G. M. Campos-Takaki,et al.  Decolorization of reactive azo dyes by Cunninghamella elegans UCP 542 under co-metabolic conditions. , 2004, Bioresource technology.

[56]  D. Lane.  16S/23S rRNA sequencing , 1991 .

[57]  J. Coates.  Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach , 2006 .

[58]  Jo‐Shu Chang,et al.  Decolorization of azo dyes with immobilized Pseudomonas luteola , 2001 .

[59]  D. Crowley,et al.  Accelerated decolorization of structurally different azo dyes by newly isolated bacterial strains , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[60]  S. Stevens,et al.  Degradation azo dyes by environmental microorganisms and helminths , 1993 .

[61]  Y. Shouche,et al.  Decolourization of naphthalene-containing sulfonated azo dyes by Kerstersia sp. strain VKY1 , 2007 .

[62]  G. Feijoo,et al.  A packed-bed fungal bioreactor for the continuous decolourisation of azo-dyes (Orange II). , 2001, Journal of biotechnology.

[63]  V. Parikh.  Absorption spectroscopy of organic molecules , 1974 .

[64]  Meiying Xu,et al.  Biodegradation of textile azo dye by Shewanella decolorationis S12 under microaerophilic conditions , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[65]  T. Tzanov,et al.  Predicting Dye Biodegradation from Redox Potentials , 2004, Biotechnology progress.

[66]  R. Urek,et al.  Biodecolourization of Direct Blue 15 by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium , 2005 .

[67]  R. Moletta,et al.  Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[68]  P. Bishop,et al.  High performance degradation of azo dye Acid Orange 7 and sulfanilic acid in a laboratory scale reactor after seeding with cultured bacterial strains. , 2003, Water research.

[69]  Ibrahim M. Banat,et al.  Physical removal of textile dyes from effluents and solid-state fermentation of dye-adsorbed agricultural residues , 2000 .

[70]  P. Green,et al.  Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. I. Accuracy assessment. , 1998, Genome research.

[71]  Z. Jiang,et al.  Infrared Spectroscopy , 2022 .

[72]  Wen-rong Hu,et al.  Biodegradation mechanisms and kinetics of azo dye 4BS by a microbial consortium. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[73]  Kangmin Lee,et al.  Purification and partial characterization of azoreductase from Enterobacter agglomerans. , 2003, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[74]  T. Tzanov,et al.  Decolorization and Detoxification of Textile Dyes with a Laccase from Trametes hirsuta , 2000, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[75]  V. P. Singh.  Biotransformations : microbial degradation of health-risk compounds , 1995 .

[76]  S. Hwang,et al.  Decolorization of the textile dyes by newly isolated bacterial strains. , 2003, Journal of biotechnology.

[77]  S. Agathos,et al.  White-rot fungi and their enzymes for the treatment of industrial dye effluents. , 2003, Biotechnology advances.

[78]  M. Kimura.  A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences , 1980, Journal of Molecular Evolution.

[79]  M. Shoda,et al.  Purification and Characterization of a Novel Peroxidase from Geotrichum candidum Dec 1 Involved in Decolorization of Dyes , 1999, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[80]  R. Reed,et al.  Publication Sponsored by ETAD The Adsorption of Dyes on Activated Sludge , 2008 .

[81]  N. Lima,et al.  Relationship of chemical structures of textile dyes on the pre-adaptation medium and the potentialities of their biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. , 2002, Research in microbiology.

[82]  W. Franklin,et al.  Azoreductase activity of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human intestinal microflora , 1990, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[83]  Yen-Hui Lin,et al.  Kinetics of reactive azo-dye decolorization by Pseudomonas luteola in a biological activated carbon process , 2008 .

[84]  H. Zollinger.  Color chemistry: Syntheses, properties, and applications of organic dyes and pigments , 1987 .

[85]  F. Bux,et al.  Polyphosphate accumulation by bacteria isolated from activated sludge , 1999 .

[86]  A. Stolz.  Basic and applied aspects in the microbial degradation of azo dyes , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[87]  Stephen H. Brown,et al.  A study of a series of recombinant fungal laccases and bilirubin oxidase that exhibit significant differences in redox potential, substrate specificity, and stability. , 1996, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[88]  A. Stolz,et al.  Autoxidation Reactions of Different Aromatic o-Aminohydroxynaphthalenes That Are Formed during the Anaerobic Reduction of Sulfonated Azo Dyes , 1999 .

[89]  D. Sponza,et al.  Toxicity and intermediates of C.I. Direct Red 28 dye through sequential anaerobic/aerobic treatment , 2005 .

[90]  D. Arora.  Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Applications , 2003 .

[91]  V. Renganathan,et al.  Peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of azo dyes: mechanism of disperse Yellow 3 degradation. , 1994, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[92]  T. Yoda,et al.  Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Gene Coding for Azoreductase from Bacillus sp. OY1-2 Isolated from Soil* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[93]  Olivier Thomas,et al.  Aromatic amines from azo dye reduction: status review with emphasis on direct UV spectrophotometric detection in textile industry wastewaters , 2004 .

[94]  J. Thompson,et al.  CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. , 1994, Nucleic acids research.

[95]  E. Forgács,et al.  Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review. , 2004, Environment international.

[96]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Treatment and Reuse of Wastewater from the Textile Wet-Processing Industry : Review of Emerging Technologies , 1998 .

[97]  T. Robinson,et al.  Studies on the production of enzymes by white-rot fungi for the decolourisation of textile dyes , 2001 .

[98]  D. Madamwar,et al.  Decolourization of synthetic dyes by a newly isolated strain of Serratia marcescens , 2003 .

[99]  J. V. Lier,et al.  Effect of different redox mediators during thermophilic azo dye reduction by anaerobic granular sludge and comparative study between mesophilic (30 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) treatments for decolourisation of textile wastewaters , 2004 .

[100]  Utkarsha U. Shedbalkar,et al.  Biodegradation of diazo reactive dye Navy blue HE2R (Reactive blue 172) by an isolated Exiguobacterium sp. RD3 , 2008 .

[101]  A. Stolz,et al.  Localization of the Enzyme System Involved in Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dyes by Sphingomonas sp. Strain BN6 and Effect of Artificial Redox Mediators on the Rate of Azo Dye Reduction , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[102]  N. Saunders,et al.  Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate , 1989 .

[103]  D. Sponza,et al.  Monitoring of toxicity and intermediates of C.I. Direct Black 38 azo dye through decolorization in an anaerobic/aerobic sequential reactor system. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[104]  T. Hu.  Degradation of azo dye RP2B by Pseudomonas luteola , 1998 .

[105]  R. Walker,et al.  Mechanisms of azo reduction by Streptococcus faecalis. II. The role of soluble flavins. , 1971, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

[106]  H. Freeman,et al.  Dyes from Enzyme-Mediated Oxidation of Aromatic Amines , 2004 .

[107]  Bor-Yann Chen,et al.  Exploring effects of chemical structure on azo dye decolorization characteristics by Pseudomonas luteola. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[108]  D. Madamwar,et al.  Response surface methodology for optimization of medium for decolorization of textile dye Direct Black 22 by a novel bacterial consortium. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[109]  I. Banat,et al.  Microbial process for the decolorization of textile effluent containing azo, diazo and reactive dyes , 1996 .

[110]  L. Durrant,et al.  DECOLORIZATION OF AZO DYES BY PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM AND PLEUROTUS SAJORCAJU , 2001 .

[111]  M. Tekere,et al.  Growth, dye degradation and ligninolytic activity studies on Zimbabwean white rot fungi. , 2001, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[112]  Meiying Xu,et al.  Respiration and Growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an Azo Compound as the Sole Electron Acceptor , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[113]  P. Hodson,et al.  Chemical evidence for the mechanism of the biodecoloration of Amaranth by Trametes versicolor , 2007 .

[114]  Poonam Singh,et al.  Bacterial Decolorization and Degradation of Azo Dyes , 2007 .