Inorganic metal polymers: preparation and characterization

One method to improve the effectiveness of inorganic metal coagulants in water treatment is to partially neutralize concentrated metal salt solutions prior to their addition to the raw water and thus preform polymeric metal species, the actual coagulants. In this way coagulant chemistry can be controlled and proper solution conditions for the formation of desired coagulant species can be maintained. This article compares polymeric preparations of aluminium and ferric chloride salts with respect to preparation parameters and the event and stability of polymerization

[1]  J. J. Morgan Applications and Limitations of Chemical Thermodynamics in Natural Water Systems , 1967 .

[2]  D. Tchoubar,et al.  Détermination par D.P.A.X. de la structure fractale d'agrégats obtenus par collage d'amas. Etude de deux solutions d'hydroxyde d'aluminium Al(OH)x avec x = 2,5 et 3 , 1985 .

[3]  W. Stumm,et al.  The coagulating behaviors of Fe(III) polymeric species—I. Preformed polymers by base addition , 1987 .

[4]  W. Schneider Hydrolysis of Iron(III)…Chaotic Olation Versus Nucleation , 1984 .

[5]  P. Murphy,et al.  Chemistry of iron in soils. ferric hydrolysis products , 1975 .

[6]  P. D. Bruyn,et al.  Hydrolysis-precipitation studies of aluminum (III) solutions. 2. A kinetic study and model , 1976 .

[7]  F. Fiessinger,et al.  Polymerized Iron Chloride: An Improved Inorganic Coagulant , 1984 .

[8]  J. V. Benschoten,et al.  Chemical aspects of coagulation using aluminum salts—II. coagulation of fulvic acid using alum and polyaluminum chloride , 1990 .

[9]  C. M. Flynn Hydrolysis of inorganic iron(III) salts , 1984 .

[10]  J. V. Benschoten,et al.  Chemical aspects of coagulation using aluminum salts—I. Hydrolytic reactions of alum and polyaluminum chloride , 1990 .

[11]  Jean-Maurice Cases,et al.  Studies of hydrolyzed aluminum chloride solutions. 1. Nature of aluminum species and composition of aqueous solutions , 1980 .

[12]  B. Dempsey,et al.  The Coagulation of Humic Substances by Means of Aluminum Salts , 1984 .

[13]  J. Bottero,et al.  Partial hydrolysis of ferric chloride salt. Structural investigation by photon-correlation spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering , 1991 .

[14]  J. Bottero,et al.  Investigation of the hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of aluminum chloride. 2. Nature and structure by small-angle x-ray scattering , 1982 .

[15]  J. Buffle,et al.  Study of polymeric aluminium(III) hydroxide solutions for application in waste water treatment. Properties of the polymer and optimal conditions of preparation , 1985 .

[16]  D. Parker,et al.  Formation of the "Al13" tridecameric aluminum polycation under diverse synthesis conditions , 1992 .

[17]  P. D. Bruyn,et al.  Hydrolysis-precipitation studies of aluminum(III) solutions. 3. The role of the sulfate ion , 1978 .

[18]  J. Geus,et al.  Hydrolysis-precipitation studies of aluminum (III) solutions. I. Titration of acidified aluminum nitrate solutions , 1975 .

[19]  R. Smith Relations among equilibrium and nonequilibrium aqueous species of aluminum hydroxy complexes , 1971 .

[20]  A. Amirtharajah,et al.  Ferric chloride and alum as single and dual coagulants , 1983 .

[21]  J. Bottero,et al.  Partial hydrolysis of ferric nitrate salt. Structural investigation by dynamic light scattering and small-angle x-ray scattering , 1991 .

[22]  J. Bottero,et al.  Mechanism of formation of aluminum trihydroxide from keggin Al13 polymers , 1987 .

[23]  D. Parker,et al.  Identification and quantification of the "Al13" tridecameric aluminum polycation using ferron , 1992 .

[24]  P. D. Bruyn,et al.  Formation of colloidal dispersions from supersaturated iron(III) nitrate solutions. I. Precipitation of amorphous iron hydroxide , 1983 .