Basic Science Review : Immunization Against Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers

Typhoid Immunization Those interested in the detailed history of the development of immunization against the enteric fevers can consult books by Wrighf,32 Gay,l4 Szler et a1.21 and Huckstep 16 or reviews by Batson,5 Gockburn ~ and Ashcroft.3 Most of the studies have been carried out with typhoid vaccines alone yet it has been generally inferred, without direct evidence, that the conclusions apply also for paratyphoid vaccines. As long ago as 1896 iilright 31 and Pfeiffer and Kolle 23 prepared vaccines against typhoid and there are two main reasons why the value of typhoid vaccines is still doLibtecl so many years after their introduction. First, when vaccination against typhoid was first introduced the necessity for property controlled field trials was not appreciated and consequently those investigations which were carried out were not conclusive. Second, sani-

[1]  M. T. Ashcroft,et al.  CONTROLLED FIELD TRIAL IN BRITISH GUIANA SCHOOL CHILDREN OF HEAT-KILLED-PHENOLIZED AND ACETONE-KILLED LYOPHILIZED TYPHOID VACCINES. , 1965, American journal of hygiene.

[2]  Ashcroft Mt.  Immunization against typhoid fever. , 1963 .

[3]  Value of T.A.B. Vaccination , 1963, British medical journal.

[4]  F. J. Wright,et al.  TYPHOID FEVER AND OTHER SALMONELLA INFECTIONS , 1962, The Ulster Medical Journal.

[5]  W. M. Edwards,et al.  Outbreak of typhoid fever in previously immunized persons traced to a common carrier. , 1962, The New England journal of medicine.

[6]  A. Benenson,et al.  STUDIES ON INFECTION AND IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID FEVER , 1961, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[7]  J. Tully,et al.  Studies on infection and immunity in experimental typhoid fever. II. Susceptibility of recovered animals to re-exposure. , 1960, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[8]  A. G. Shaper,et al.  Analysis of medical admissions to Mulago Hospital, 1957. , 1958, East African medical journal.

[9]  P. N. Taneja,et al.  Enteric fever in children , 1957, Indian journal of pediatrics.

[10]  M. Hughes.  Enteric Fevers and Normal Salmonella Agglutinins in the Gold Coast , 1955, Journal of Hygiene.

[11]  W. Cockburn.  The Early History of Typhoid Vaccination , 1955, Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps.

[12]  J. L. Mcletchie.  Medical field units in Nigeria. , 1954, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[13]  G. Naylor,et al.  SECOND ATTACKS OF TYPHOID FEVER , 1953, Journal of Hygiene.

[14]  H. C. Batson.  Typhoid Fever Prophylaxis by Active Immunization. , 1949 .

[15]  E. S. Anderson,et al.  An outbreak of typhoid fever in the Middle East , 1948, Journal of Hygiene.

[16]  C. Dolman.  Oral Immunization , 1945, The American journal of the medical sciences.

[17]  J. T. Syverton,et al.  Typhoid and paratyphoid A in immunized military personnel. , 1946, Journal of the American Medical Association.

[18]  H. E. Jones,et al.  TYPHOID FEVER IN IMMUNISED PERSONNEL , 1945 .

[19]  A. Felix.  A New Type of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Vaccine , 1941, British medical journal.

[20]  D. Longfellow,et al.  Immunization to Typhoid Fever. , 1941 .

[21]  Hilgermann..  Anti-Typhoid Inoculation , 1904, The Indian medical gazette.

[22]  W. Hopkins.  Anti-Typhoid Inoculation , 1900, The Hospital.

[23]  D. Semple,et al.  Remarks on Vaccination against Typhoid Fever , 1897, British medical journal.

[24]  R. Pfeiffer,et al.  Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Frage der Schutzimpfung des Menschen gegen Typhus abdominalis , 1896 .