United Kingdom HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATIONS IN TURBOMACHINERY

This paper describes the development and validation steps needed to improve OpenFOAM standard release suitability for gas turbine heat transfer applications. The focus is on steadystate simulations as at the state of the art RANS is still considered a valid CFD approach especially for cases of industrial interest. The most critical aspects were defined to be: the implementation of a steady state solver able at solving different kind of flow regimes, from almost incompressible to high Mach flows, and the turbulence modeling. A SIMPLE like algorithm was specifically developed to solve the fully three dimensional, steady state form of compressible Navier Stokes equations. Moreover a set of various eddy viscosity models, including several Low-Reynolds k-epsilon models also with realizability constraint and the Two Layer k-epsilon model were implemented. Due to the good performances obtained with the k-omega SST in wall-bounded flows using a Low Reynolds approach, an automatic wall treatment switching automatically form a wall-function to a Low-Reynolds formulation has been added for such model to obtain mesh independence also at high y p . In addiction an anisotropic model, doping lateral diffusion of turbulence, was coded to better perform in plane film cooling and effusion cooling tests. The accuracy of the implementations was validated comparing results with experimental data available both from standard literature test cases and from in-house performed experiments. The geometries considered as validation tests cover the typical heat transfer problems in gas turbine design, namely impingement jets, film cooling and effusion cooling. During the tests, OpenFOAM code has shown a good accuracy and robustness as well as a remarkable computational speed. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the work done to test OF as an effective substitute for standard commercial CFD packages, both for academic and industrial users, in the specific field of heat transfer applications in turbomachinery.

[1]  K Wieghardt,et al.  On the turbulent friction layer for rising pressure , 1951 .

[2]  D. C. Wilcox,et al.  Computation of turbulent boundary layers on curved surfaces, 1 June 1975 - 31 January 1976 , 1976 .

[3]  A. D. Gosman,et al.  The Turbulent Jet in a Cross Stream at Low Injection Rates: a Three-Dimensional Numerical Treatment , 1978 .

[4]  B. A. Kader.  Temperature and concentration profiles in fully turbulent boundary layers , 1981 .

[5]  K. Chien,et al.  Predictions of Channel and Boundary-Layer Flows with a Low-Reynolds-Number Turbulence Model , 1982 .

[6]  V. C. Patel,et al.  Turbulence models for near-wall and low Reynolds number flows - A review , 1985 .

[7]  C. Rhie.  Pressure-based Navier-Stokes solver using the multigrid method , 1986 .

[8]  Wei Shyy,et al.  Applications of a generalized pressure correction algorithm for flows in complicated geometries , 1988 .

[9]  Wei Shyy,et al.  Adaptive grid computation for inviscid compressible flows using a pressure correction method , 1988 .

[10]  James J. McGuirk,et al.  Shock capturing using a pressure-correction method , 1989 .

[11]  D. Bogard,et al.  Film-cooling effectiveness downstream of a single row of holes with variable density ratio , 1990 .

[12]  Fue-Sang Lien.  Computational modelling of 3D flow in complex ducts and passages , 1992 .

[13]  F. Lien,et al.  A Pressure-Velocity Solution Strategy for Compressible Flow and Its Application to Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction Using Second-Moment Turbulence Closure , 1993 .

[14]  Dennis Cooper,et al.  Impinging jet studies for turbulence model assessment—I. Flow-field experiments , 1993 .

[15]  M. Perić,et al.  A collocated finite volume method for predicting flows at all speeds , 1993 .

[16]  M. Darwish,et al.  NORMALIZED VARIABLE AND SPACE FORMULATION METHODOLOGY FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION SCHEMES , 1994 .

[17]  P. Durbin.  On the k-3 stagnation point anomaly , 1996 .

[18]  Milovan Perić,et al.  Numerical methods for computing turbulent flows , 1997 .

[19]  K. Giannakoglou,et al.  A PRESSURE-BASED ALGORITHM FOR HIGH-SPEED TURBOMACHINERY FLOWS , 1997 .

[20]  Robin L. Elder,et al.  A high-resolution pressure-based method for compressible flows , 1997 .

[21]  W. Rodi,et al.  Computation of film cooling of a flat plate by lateral injection from a row of holes , 1998 .

[22]  Masud Behnia,et al.  Prediction of heat transfer in an axisymmetric turbulent jet impinging on a flat plate , 1998 .

[23]  Improved Low-Reynolds-Number k-e Model Based on Direct Numerical Simulation Data , 1998 .

[24]  Masoud Darbandi,et al.  Application of an all-speed flow algorithm to heat transfer problems , 1999 .

[25]  Nicholas J. Georgiadis,et al.  Implementation and Validation of the Chien k-epsilon Turbulence Model in the Wind Navier-Stokes Code , 1999 .

[26]  M. Darwish,et al.  A UNIFIED FORMULATION OF THE SEGREGATED CLASS OF ALGORITHMS FOR FLUID FLOW AT ALL SPEEDS , 2000 .

[27]  W. Shyy,et al.  A Pressure-Based Method for Turbulent Cavitating Flow Computations , 2001 .

[28]  Djamel Lakehal,et al.  Three-dimensional flow and heat transfer calculations of film cooling at the leading edge of a symmetrical turbine blade model , 2001 .

[29]  Djamel Lakehal,et al.  Near-Wall Modeling of Turbulent Convective Heat Transport in Film Cooling of Turbine Blades With the Aid of Direct Numerical Simulation Data , 2002 .

[30]  Paul A. Durbin,et al.  Toward Improved Prediction of Heat Transfer on Turbine Blades , 2002 .

[31]  Djamel Lakehal,et al.  Perspectives in Modeling Film Cooling of Turbine Blades by Transcending Conventional Two-Equation Turbulence Models , 2002 .

[32]  A. Azzi,et al.  Numerical Modeling of Film Cooling from Short Length Stream-Wise Injection Holes , 2003 .

[33]  M. Darwish,et al.  TVD schemes for unstructured grids , 2003 .

[34]  Antonio Andreini,et al.  Film Cooling System Numerical Design: Adiabatic and Conjugate Analysis , 2005 .

[35]  D. Coutandin,et al.  Correlative Analysis of Effusion Cooling Systems , 2006 .

[36]  Bruno Facchini,et al.  Impingement cooling for modern combustors: experimental analysis of heat transfer and effectiveness , 2006 .

[37]  Luca Mangani,et al.  DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A C++ OBJECT ORIENTED CFD CODE FOR HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS , 2007 .

[38]  D. Birchall,et al.  Computational Fluid Dynamics , 2020, Radial Flow Turbocompressors.

[39]  J. Bredberg.  On Two-equation Eddy-Viscosity Models , 2022 .