Development of a Polymeric Arrayed Waveguide Grating Interrogator for Fast and Precise Lithium-Ion Battery Status Monitoring

We present the manufacturing and utilization of an all-polymer arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) interacting with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for battery status monitoring on the example of a 40 Ah lithium-ion battery. The AWG is the main component of a novel low-cost approach for an optical interrogation unit to track the FBG peak wavelength by means of intensity changes monitored by a CMOS linear image sensor, read out by a Teensy 3.2 microcontroller. The AWG was manufactured using laser direct lithography as an all-polymer-system, whereas the FBG was produced by point-by-point femtosecond laser writing. Using this system, we continuously monitored the strain variation of a battery cell during low rate charge and discharge cycles over one month under constant climate conditions and compared the results to parallel readings of an optical spectrum analyzer with special attention to the influence of the relative air humidity. We found our low-cost interrogation unit is capable of precisely and reliably capturing the typical strain variation of a high energy pouch cell during cycling with a resolution of 1 pm and shows a humidity sensitivity of −12.8 pm per %RH.

[1]  T. Yoshino,et al.  Fast optical wavelength interrogator employing arrayed waveguide grating for distributed fiber Bragg grating sensors , 2003 .

[2]  Craig B. Arnold,et al.  Stress evolution and capacity fade in constrained lithium-ion pouch cells , 2014 .

[3]  Anurag Ganguli,et al.  Monitoring of Intercalation Stages in Lithium-Ion Cells over Charge-Discharge Cycles with Fiber Optic Sensors , 2015 .

[4]  Maria Fátima Domingues,et al.  Internal and External Temperature Monitoring of a Li-Ion Battery with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors , 2016, Sensors.

[5]  T. Tsuchizawa,et al.  Monolithic Integration of Silicon-, Germanium-, and Silica-Based Optical Devices for Telecommunications Applications , 2011, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[6]  M. Carvalho,et al.  The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[7]  Bo Liu,et al.  Review of fiber Bragg grating sensor technology , 2011 .

[8]  Christophe Caucheteur,et al.  Behavior of femtosecond laser-induced eccentric fiber Bragg gratings at very high temperatures. , 2016, Optics letters.

[9]  Jun Lu,et al.  Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets , 2018 .

[10]  Huei Peng,et al.  A unified open-circuit-voltage model of lithium-ion batteries for state-of-charge estimation and state-of-health monitoring , 2014 .

[11]  Yunjiang Rao,et al.  Dual-cavity interferometric wavelength-shift detection for in-fiber Bragg grating sensors. , 1996, Optics letters.

[12]  Martin Angelmahr,et al.  Arrayed waveguide grating interrogator for fiber Bragg grating sensors: measurement and simulation. , 2012, Applied optics.

[13]  Robert Puers,et al.  Determining the physical properties of EpoClad negative photoresist for use in MEMS applications , 2011 .

[14]  Xuning Feng,et al.  Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review , 2018 .

[15]  João L. Pinto,et al.  Real time thermal monitoring of lithium batteries with fiber sensors and thermocouples: A comparative study , 2017 .

[16]  Azah Mohamed,et al.  A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations , 2017 .

[17]  W. Schade,et al.  Refractive Index Measurement of Lithium Ion Battery Electrolyte with Etched Surface Cladding Waveguide Bragg Gratings and Cell Electrode State Monitoring by Optical Strain Sensors , 2019, Batteries.

[18]  Jun Lu,et al.  30 Years of Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2018, Advanced materials.

[19]  Kyung Ho Kim,et al.  Embedded fiber-optic sensing for accurate internal monitoring of cell state in advanced battery management systems part 1: Cell embedding method and performance , 2017 .

[20]  Audun Botterud,et al.  The value of energy storage in decarbonizing the electricity sector , 2016 .

[21]  Daniele Tosi,et al.  Review and Analysis of Peak Tracking Techniques for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors , 2017, Sensors.

[22]  Chang-Seok Kim,et al.  Characterization of FBG sensor interrogation based on a FDML wavelength swept laser. , 2008, Optics express.

[23]  Daniel Beverungen,et al.  Extending Battery Management Systems for Making Informed Decisions on Battery Reuse , 2015, DESRIST.

[24]  Byoungho Lee,et al.  Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors , 2003 .

[25]  Anurag Ganguli,et al.  Fast and slow ion diffusion processes in lithium ion pouch cells during cycling observed with fiber optic strain sensors , 2015 .

[26]  K. Oda,et al.  Transmission characteristics of arrayed waveguide N/spl times/N wavelength multiplexer , 1995 .

[27]  Robert Kostecki,et al.  Surface structural disordering in graphite upon lithium intercalation/deintercalation , 2010, 1108.0846.

[28]  Peng-Chun Peng,et al.  An SOI Michelson interferometer sensor with waveguide Bragg reflective gratings for temperature monitoring , 2001 .

[29]  Guy Marlair,et al.  Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review , 2016 .

[30]  A. Kersey,et al.  Multiplexed fiber Bragg grating strain-sensor system with a fiber Fabry - Perot wavelength filter. , 1993, Optics letters.

[31]  Ajay Raghavan,et al.  Monitoring the Strain Evolution of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes using an Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor , 2016 .

[32]  Cátia Leitão,et al.  Real-time temperature measurement with fiber Bragg sensors in lithium batteries for safety usage , 2013 .

[33]  Jan Meyer,et al.  Fiber optical sensors for enhanced battery safety , 2015, Sensing Technologies + Applications.

[34]  Jinpeng Tian,et al.  Towards a smarter battery management system: A critical review on battery state of health monitoring methods , 2018, Journal of Power Sources.