End-to-end optical backpropagation for training neural networks

Xianxin Guo, 2, 3, ∗ Thomas D. Barrett, † Zhiming M. Wang, ‡ and A. I. Lvovsky 4, § Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, T2N 1N4 Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, 143025, Moscow, Russia