Energy Management of Parallel-Connected Cells in Electric Vehicles Based on Fuzzy Logic Control

Inconsistencies that are associated with parallel-connected cells used in electric vehicles induce varied states of charge (SOCs) in each cell. Thus, loop current in the battery pack is inevitable, and this reduces overall capacity, energy utilization rate, and pack lifetime. However, no method is available to address loop current. To reduce loop current and the resulting battery inconsistency, a parallel-connected cell pack (PCCP) model that considers thermal effects is established, and a novel Simscape model that is based on PCCP is successfully constructed. Furthermore, the strategy of parallel-connected cell energy management (PCCEM) is proposed to utilize fuzzy logic control (FLC) strategy, which automatically adjusts the number of cells in a circuit in accordance with the load demand, and turns on the first N switches in the corresponding SOC order. The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycle simulation shows that the PCCEM strategy considerably reduces loop current and improves the consistency of battery performance and the utilization rate of battery power.

[1]  Xu Zhang,et al.  Probability based remaining capacity estimation using data-driven and neural network model , 2016 .

[2]  John McPhee,et al.  A survey of mathematics-based equivalent-circuit and electrochemical battery models for hybrid and electric vehicle simulation , 2014 .

[3]  Yuang-Shung Lee,et al.  Intelligent control battery equalization for series connected lithium-ion battery strings , 2005, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[4]  B. Lehman,et al.  Increased energy delivery for parallel battery packs with no regulated bus , 2012, Intelec 2012.

[5]  Rachid Yazami,et al.  A study of lithium ion batteries cycle aging by thermodynamics techniques , 2014 .

[6]  Hongwen He,et al.  Energy management strategy research on a hybrid power system by hardware-in-loop experiments , 2013 .

[7]  Ali M. Eltamaly,et al.  Maximum power extraction from wind energy system based on fuzzy logic control , 2013 .

[8]  Nigel P. Brandon,et al.  Module design and fault diagnosis in electric vehicle batteries , 2012 .

[9]  M. Ceraolo,et al.  High fidelity electrical model with thermal dependence for characterization and simulation of high power lithium battery cells , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference.

[10]  Joeri Van Mierlo,et al.  Lithium Ion Batteries—Development of Advanced Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models for Nickel Manganese Cobalt Lithium-Ion , 2016 .

[11]  Chunting Chris Mi,et al.  Study of the Characteristics of Battery Packs in Electric Vehicles With Parallel-Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Cells , 2015 .

[12]  Limei Wang,et al.  A LiFePO4 battery pack capacity estimation approach considering in-parallel cell safety in electric vehicles , 2015 .

[13]  Chenbin Zhang,et al.  An adaptive remaining energy prediction approach for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles , 2016 .

[14]  Xiaosong Hu,et al.  A comparative study of equivalent circuit models for Li-ion batteries , 2012 .

[15]  Sean B. Walker,et al.  Economic analysis of second use electric vehicle batteries for residential energy storage and load-levelling , 2014 .

[16]  Tony Yip,et al.  Effects of imbalanced currents on large-format LiFePO 4 /graphite batteries systems connected in parallel , 2016 .

[17]  James Marco,et al.  Modelling and experimental evaluation of parallel connected lithium ion cells for an electric vehicle battery system , 2016 .

[18]  C.S. Moo,et al.  Parallel Operation of Battery Power Modules , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems.

[19]  Yaonan Wang,et al.  Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Coordination on Distribution Network Using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization and Fuzzy Decision Making , 2016 .

[20]  Furong Gao,et al.  State-of-Charge Estimation for Li-Ion Power Batteries Based on a Tuning Free Observer , 2016 .

[21]  Taejung Yeo,et al.  Physics based modeling of a series parallel battery pack for asymmetry analysis, predictive control and life extension , 2016 .

[22]  Kostas Kalaitzakis,et al.  Designing a new generalized battery management system , 2003, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[23]  Yuanmao Ye,et al.  Modeling and Analysis of Series–Parallel Switched-Capacitor Voltage Equalizer for Battery/Supercapacitor Strings , 2015, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[24]  Xiongwen Zhang,et al.  Unbalanced discharging and aging due to temperature differences among the cells in a lithium-ion battery pack with parallel combination , 2016 .

[25]  Guangzhong Dong,et al.  Online state of charge estimation and open circuit voltage hysteresis modeling of LiFePO4 battery using invariant imbedding method , 2016 .

[26]  Zhanfeng Li,et al.  Online dynamic equalization adjustment of high-power lithium-ion battery packs based on the state of balance estimation , 2016 .

[27]  Jong-Keun Park,et al.  Optimal Coordinated Management of a Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging Station under a Flexible Penalty Contract for Voltage Security , 2016 .

[28]  Dirk Uwe Sauer,et al.  Adaptive approach for on-board impedance parameters and voltage estimation of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles , 2015 .

[29]  James Marco,et al.  Current Variation in Parallelized Energy Storage Systems , 2014, 2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).

[30]  Yangsheng Xu,et al.  Fuzzy Control for Battery Equalization Based on State of Charge , 2010, 2010 IEEE 72nd Vehicular Technology Conference - Fall.

[31]  Delphine Riu,et al.  A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications , 2013 .

[32]  D. Stone,et al.  A systematic review of lumped-parameter equivalent circuit models for real-time estimation of lithium-ion battery states , 2016 .

[33]  Binggang Cao,et al.  SOC Based Battery Cell Balancing with a Novel Topology and Reduced Component Count , 2013 .

[34]  Zonghai Chen,et al.  A method for state-of-charge estimation of LiFePO4 batteries based on a dual-circuit state observer , 2015 .

[35]  Bo-Hyung Cho,et al.  Screening process-based modeling of the multi-cell battery string in series and parallel connections for high accuracy state-of-charge estimation , 2013 .

[36]  Longyun Kang,et al.  Joint Estimation of the Electric Vehicle Power Battery State of Charge Based on the Least Squares Method and the Kalman Filter Algorithm , 2016 .