CANNABIS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA A Longitudinal Study of Swedish Conscripts

The association between level of cannabis consumption and development of schizophrenia during a 15-year follow-up was studied in a cohort of 45,570 Swedish conscripts. The relative risk for schizophrenia among high consumers of cannabis (use on more than fifty occasions) was 6.0 (95% confidence interval 4.0-8.9) compared with non-users. Persistence of the association after allowance for other psychiatric illness and social background indicated that cannabis is an independent risk factor for schizophrenia.

[1]  A. Nicholi.  The college student and marijuana: research findings concerning adverse biological and psychological effects. , 1983, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[2]  G. Benson,et al.  Validity of questionnaires in population studies on drug use , 1985, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[3]  EDWARD F. DOMINO.  Cannabinoids And The Cholinergic System , 1981, Journal of clinical pharmacology.

[4]  J. Leff.  International Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychiatric Illness , 1977, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[5]  J. Zubin,et al.  Vulnerability--a new view of schizophrenia. , 1977, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[6]  P. McHugh,et al.  Hallucinogenic drugs as precipitants of schizophrenia , 1974, Psychological Medicine.

[7]  K. Tunving,et al.  Cannabis psychoses in south Sweden , 1982, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[8]  C. H. Wilson,et al.  Psychosis associated with cannabis smoking. , 1972, The British journal of addiction to alcohol and other drugs.

[9]  Henry A. Nasrallah,et al.  Schizophrenia as a brain disease , 1982 .

[10]  M. Carney,et al.  Psychosis after cannabis abuse. , 1984 .

[11]  S. Husain,et al.  An update on cannabis research. , 1985, Bulletin on narcotics.

[12]  Gabriel C. Nahas.  Cannabis: toxicological properties and epidemiological aspects , 1986, The Medical journal of Australia.

[13]  C. Stefanis.  Biological aspects of cannabis use. , 1978, NIDA research monograph.

[14]  Forty-six cases of psychosis in cannabis abusers. , 1972, The International journal of the addictions.

[15]  P. Allebeck,et al.  Validity of the diagnosis schizophrenia in a psychiatric inpatient register: A retrospective application of DSM-III criteria on ICD-8 diagnoses in Stockholm county , 1987 .

[16]  S. Warkentin,et al.  Regional cerebral blood flow in long-term heavy cannabis use , 1986, Psychiatry Research.

[17]  A. Robins,et al.  CANNABIS-ASSOCIATED PSYCHOSIS WITH HYPOMANIC FEATURES , 1982, The Lancet.

[18]  L. Miller,et al.  Cannabis: neural mechanisms and behavior--a theoretical review. , 1974, Pharmacology.

[19]  D. Treffert.  Marijuana use in schizophrenia: a clear hazard. , 1978, The American journal of psychiatry.

[20]  J. Smith,et al.  Psychotic reactions following cannabis use in East Indians. , 1974, Archives of general psychiatry.

[21]  P. Knudsen,et al.  Cannabis and neuroleptic agents in schizophrenia , 1984, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[22]  G. Hemmings.  Biological aspects of schizophrenia and addiction , 1982 .

[23]  L. Hollister,et al.  Plasma delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking , 1980, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[24]  O. Miettinen,et al.  Theoretical Epidemiology: Principles of Occurrence Research in Medicine. , 1987 .