Thermal‐Electrochemical Modeling of Battery Systems

As a follow-up of previous work, 1,2 the present work is intended to develop a thermal and electrochemical coupled model capable of predicting the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of temperature inside a battery. It is known that temperature variations inside a battery may greatly affect its performance, life, and reliability. Battery physicochemical properties are generally strong functions of temperature. For example, the equilibrium pressure of hydrogen absorption-desorption, which significantly affects the open-circuit potential of the metal hydride electrode and hence the performance of nickel‐metal hydride batteries, is strongly dependent on temperature. 3 Capacity losses occur at low temperatures due to high internal resistances and at high temperatures due to rapid self-discharge. 4 Therefore, a proper operating temperature range is essential for a battery to achieve optimal performance. In order to prolong the battery cycle life, balanced utilization of active materials is desired, which requires a highly uniform temperature profile inside the battery to avoid localized degradation. More important, the battery temperature may increase significantly due to the self-accelerating characteristics of exothermic side reactions such as oxygen reactions in aqueous batteries, eventually causing thermal runaway. 5-8 An optimal operating range and a high uniformity in the internal temperature distribution constitute two thermal requirements for a battery to operate safely. These two are particularly important for advanced electric-vehicle batteries because of their high energy and power densities, large size, and high charge and discharge rates. Although experimental testing and microcalorimetric measurement 9-11 are necessary to obtain battery thermal data for design and optimization, a mathematical model based on first principles is capable of providing valuable internal information to help optimize the battery system in a cost-effective manner. In general, a battery thermal model is formulated based on the thermal energy balance over a representative elementary volume (REV) in a battery. The differential equation that describes the temperature distribution in the battery takes the following conservation form 12,13

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