Firm Characteristics, Location and Regional Innovation: A Comparison Between Israeli and German Industrial Firms

In recent years, a growing number of researchers have been attempting to gain a better understanding of the variation in the rate of spatial innovation of different industrial plants. Several of these studies have investigated the similarity and dissimilarity of spatial innovation between countries. This paper reports the results of a large study carried out jointly by a team of researchers from Germany and Israel. In Germany, the study focused on Baden, the western part of the state of Baden-Württemberg; and in Israel, on the Northern district. Altogether in both countries, more than 400 industrial plants belonging to the fastest-growing industrial branches (electronics, metals and plastics) were included in the study. The use of simple statistical models, augmented by multi-variate logit models, enabled us to point out the similarity and dissimilarity in spatial innovation patterns in the two countries. The results support the hypothesis that expenditure on R&D is a good surrogate for the percentage of innovative firms among all firms in its sector, regardless of the industrial branch to which the plants belong. In general, we can conclude that there exists a strong similarity in the frequency of industrial innovation in both countries and that the share of innovative firms in the high-tech industries is significantly higher than in the traditional industries. On the other hand, the distribution of spatial variations in the share of innovative firms in Israel is greater than that found in Germany. Dans les années récentes, un nombre croissant de chercheurs ont essayé de mieux comprendre la variation de l'innovation géographique des divers établissements industriels. Plusieurs études ont examiné la similarité et la différence de l'innovation géographique suivant le pays. Cet article cherche à présenter les résultats qui proviennent d'une étude détaillée conjointement faite par une équipe de chercheurs allemands et israéliens. En Allemagne, l'étude a porté sur Baden, la partie ouest de l'état de Baden-Württemburg, et en Israël, elle a focalisé sur la région du nord. Les deux pays confondus, on a inclus plus de 400 établissements industriels des secteurs industriels en pleine expansion (électronque, métaux et plastiques). L'emploi des modè les statistiques simples, augmentés par des modèles du type logit à variantes multiples, a permis de signaler la similarité et la différence de la distribution de l'innovation géographique dans les deux pays. Les résultats viennent à l'appui de l'hypothèse suivant: la dépense pour la R et D remplace efficacement le pourcentage des entreprises innovatrices d'un secteur donné, quel que soit le secteur d'activité en question. D'une manière générale, on peut conclure qu'il existe une similarité forte quant à la fréquence de l'innovation industrielle dans les deux pays, et que la proportion des entreprises innovatrices au sein des industries de pointe s'avère nettement supérieure à ce qu'elle ne l'est dans les industries traditionnelles. En outre, la distribution de la variation géographique de la part des entreprises innovatrices situe´es en Israël est supérieure à ce que l'on n'avait trouve´ en Allemagne. In den letzten Jahren hat eine wachsende Anzahl Forscher sich um ein besseres Verständis für Schwankungen in der Rate räumlicher Innovation in verschiedenen Industriebetrieben bemüht. Einige dieser Studien haben Ähnlichkeiten und Abweichungen räumlicher Innovation zwischen Ländern untersucht. Dieser Aufsatz berichtet über die Ergebnisse einer groß angelegten Untersuchung, die von einer Forschungsgruppe aus Deutschland und Israel gemeinsam durchgeführt wurde. In Deutschland konzentrierte man sich auf Baden, den westlichen Teil des Landes Baden-Württemberg, und in Israel auf den nördlichen Landesteil. In beiden Ländern zusammen wurden über 400 Industriebetriebe der am schnellsten wachsenden Industriezweige (Elektronik, Metalle und Plastik) in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Die Anwendung einfacher statistischer Modelle, durch mehrfach variable Logitmodelle verstärkt, gestattete der Forschungsgruppe, in beiden Ländern die Ähnlichkeiten und Abweichungen bei räumlichen Innovationsmustern aufzuzeigen. Die Ergebnisse untermauern die Hypothese, daß Aufwendungen für Forschung und Entwicklung ein guter Ersatz für den Prozentsatz innovativer Firmen in der Gesamtzahl der Firmen in ihrem Sektor ist, ungeachtet der Industriebranche, der der Betrieb angehört. Im allgemeinen kann man folgern, daß in beiden Ländern starke Ähnlichkeiten bei industrieller Innovation zu beobachten sind und daß der Anteil innovativer Firmen in den Spitzentechnologiefirmen bedeutend höher ist als in den am Alten festhaltenden Firmen. Die Verteilung der räumlichen Schwankungen am Anteil innovativer Firmen ist jedoch größer in Israel als in Deutschland.

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