Characterization of annealed proton exchanged LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides for nonlinear frequency conversion

A thorough and detailed characterization of annealed proton-exchanged (APE) waveguides in Z-cut LiNbO/sub 3/ is described. The mode index measurements in planar waveguides as a function of wavelength and annealing time are reported, including useful analytical relations for the refractive index change, its dispersion, and the depth profile as a function of annealing parameters. Analytical expressions for the mode propagation characteristics are presented and experimentally verified with reasonable accuracy. It is shown that the planar waveguide characterization results can be used to model the channel waveguide characteristics accurately. The model provides closed-form expressions for the mode index and the mode field profile, and the theoretical results are in excellent agreement with the measured data. The technique is used to accurately predict the phase mismatch between the fundamental and second harmonic modes in frequency-doubling experiments using APE channel waveguides. An optimum waveguide geometry for which the phase mismatch is relatively insensitive to the waveguide nonuniformity was predicted and verified experimentally. >

[1]  S. Vohra,et al.  Diffusion characteristics and waveguiding properties of proton‐exchanged and annealed LiNbO3 channel waveguides , 1989 .

[2]  H Kogelnik,et al.  Scaling rules for thin-film optical waveguides. , 1974, Applied optics.

[3]  R. A. Becker,et al.  Comparison of guided‐wave interferometric modulators fabricated on LiNbO3 via Ti indiffusion and proton exchange , 1983 .

[4]  Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling of proton‐exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides , 1989 .

[5]  Peter S. Weitzman,et al.  Characterization and simulation of proton-exchanged integrated optical modulators with various dielectric buffer layers , 1990, Optical Society of America Annual Meeting.

[6]  A. Loni,et al.  Measurement of the increase in the shg coefficient of proton exchanged LiNbO3 after annealing using a grating diffraction technique , 1990 .

[7]  M. Lawrence,et al.  A temperature-dependent dispersion equation for congruently grown lithium niobate , 1984 .

[8]  F. Leonberger,et al.  Stable low-loss proton-exchanged LiNbO(3) waveguide devices with no electro-optic degradation. , 1988, Optics letters.

[9]  W. E. Lee,et al.  Analysis of Proton Exchanged Channel Waveguides in LiNbO3 , 1985, Other Conferences.

[10]  A. S. Greenblatt,et al.  Dependence of refractive index on hydrogen concentration in proton exchanged LiNbO/sub 3/ , 1991 .

[11]  Approximate analysis of optical waveguide grating coupling coefficients , 1976 .

[12]  Ivo Montrosset,et al.  Guided modes of Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ channel waveguides: a novel quasi-analytical technique in comparison with the scalar finite-element method , 1988 .

[13]  M. Fejer,et al.  Second-harmonic generation of green light in periodically poled planar lithium niobate waveguide , 1989 .

[14]  The structure and properties of Li1-xHxNbO3 , 1986 .

[15]  Martin M. Fejer,et al.  Noncritical phase matching for guided‐wave frequency conversion , 1990 .

[16]  Dietrich Marcuse,et al.  Tilt, offset, and end-separation loss of lowest-order slab waveguide mode , 1986 .

[17]  Toshiaki Suhara,et al.  Measurement of reduction in SHG coefficient of LiNbO/sub 3/ by proton exchanging , 1989 .

[18]  J. J. Veselka,et al.  Damage‐resistant LiNbO3 waveguides , 1984 .

[19]  M. Fejer,et al.  Characterization of proton-exchanged waveguides in MgO:LiNbO(3). , 1985, Optics letters.

[20]  R. Srivastava,et al.  Recovery of second-order optical nonlinearity in annealed proton-exchanged LiNbO/sub x/ , 1991, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[21]  J. Veselka,et al.  Proton exchange for high‐index waveguides in LiNbO3 , 1982 .

[22]  P. F. Heidrich,et al.  Optical waveguide refractive index profiles determined from measurement of mode indices: a simple analysis. , 1976, Applied optics.

[23]  Ka-Kha Wong,et al.  Integrated Optical Waveguides And Devices Fabricated By Proton Exchange: A Review , 1988, Other Conferences.

[24]  F. Laurell,et al.  Blue light generated by frequency doubling of laser diode light in a lithium niobate channel waveguide , 1989, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.