Incoming inclination factor for scalar imaging theory

The conventional scalar imaging theories that are represented in the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction formula or the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formulae involve contradictions. By introducing incoming inclination factors not only for the diffraction surface but also for the image plane, we propose a new equation that fulfills both the self-consistency and the reciprocity theorem. We also confirm the validity of this new equation by both theoretical discussions and numerical calculations.

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