Many patients with Type 1 diabetes estimate their prandial insulin need inappropriately

Background:  Many factors contribute to the need for prandial insulin in Type 1 diabetes. However, patients’ success in achieving normal postprandial glucose concentration is understudied. The aim of the present study was to determine how often patients with Type 1 diabetes achieve normal postprandial glucose concentrations and to evaluate factors associated with postprandial hypo‐ and hyperglycemia.

[1]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Therapy focused on lowering postprandial glucose, not fasting glucose, may be superior for lowering HbA1c. IOEZ Study Group. , 2000, Diabetes care.

[2]  G. Ghirlanda,et al.  What is the real contribution of fasting plasma glucose and postprandial glucose in predicting HbA(1c) and overall blood glucose control? , 2001, Diabetes care.

[3]  D. Gordin,et al.  Acute hyperglycaemia disturbs cardiac repolarization in Type 1 diabetes , 2008, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[4]  M. Hanefeld,et al.  Acarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: meta-analysis of seven long-term studies. , 2004, European heart journal.

[5]  D. Midthune,et al.  Using intake biomarkers to evaluate the extent of dietary misreporting in a large sample of adults: the OPEN study. , 2003, American journal of epidemiology.

[6]  S. Yusuf,et al.  The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. , 1999, Diabetes care.

[7]  D. Goldstein,et al.  Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA(1c): analysis of glucose profiles and HbA(1c) in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. , 2002, Diabetes care.

[8]  M. Richardson,et al.  Nutrition interventions for intensive therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The DCCT Research Group. , 1993, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[9]  J M Venäläinen,et al.  Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[10]  B. Zinman,et al.  Exercise in Individuals With IDDM , 1994, Diabetes Care.

[11]  Claude Colette,et al.  Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c). , 2003, Diabetes care.

[12]  A. Golay,et al.  A new table for prevention of hypoglycaemia during physical activity in type 1 diabetic patients. , 2004, Diabetes & metabolism.

[13]  R. K. Bernstein Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring by Diabetic Patients: Refinements of Procedural Technique , 1979, Diabetes Care.

[14]  M. Biondi,et al.  Psychological Stress and Neuroendocrine Function in Humans: The Last Two Decades of Research , 1999, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.

[15]  W. Tamborlane,et al.  Limitations of conventional methods of self-monitoring of blood glucose: lessons learned from 3 days of continuous glucose sensing in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. , 2001, Diabetes care.

[16]  D. Giugliano,et al.  Glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[17]  D. Gordin,et al.  Acute hyperglycaemia rapidly increases arterial stiffness in young patients with type 1 diabetes , 2007, Diabetologia.

[18]  V. Basevi Standards of medical care in diabetes--2007. , 2009, Diabetes care.

[19]  L. Delahanty,et al.  The Role of Diet Behaviors in Achieving Improved Glycemic Control in Intensively Treated Patients in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial , 1993, Diabetes Care.

[20]  D. Gordin,et al.  Glucose variability, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in type 1 diabetes. , 2008, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[21]  Stephen Colagiuri,et al.  Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2003, Diabetes care.

[22]  A. Classification,et al.  Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[23]  J Aman,et al.  Effects of fat supplementation on glycaemic response and gastric emptying in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes , 2008, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[24]  M. Matsuda Measuring and estimating insulin resistance in clinical and research settings. , 2010, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[25]  T. Jones,et al.  New insights into managing the risk of hypoglycaemia associated with intermittent high-intensity exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus: implications for existing guidelines. , 2007, Sports medicine.

[26]  Michael M. Engelgau,et al.  Postprandial blood glucose. American Diabetes Association. , 2001, Diabetes care.

[27]  B. Zinman,et al.  Effect of Glycemic Exposure on the Risk of Microvascular Complications in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial—Revisited , 2008, Diabetes.

[28]  L. Laffel,et al.  Impact of Carbohydrate Counting on Glycemic Control in Children With Type 1 Diabetes , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[29]  F. Atkinson,et al.  Food insulin index: physiologic basis for predicting insulin demand evoked by composite meals. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[30]  Carol Forsblom,et al.  Acute hyperglycaemia induces an inflammatory response in young patients with type 1 diabetes , 2008, Annals of medicine.

[31]  J. Meigs,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of post-prandial hyperglycaemia in a large sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , 2006, Diabetologia.

[32]  A. Rigamonti,et al.  Insulin therapy and carbohydrate counting. , 2005, Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis.

[33]  E. Kilpatrick,et al.  Mean blood glucose compared with HbA1c in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes , 2008, Diabetologia.

[34]  L. Bouter,et al.  Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study , 1999, Diabetologia.