Measurements of electromagnetic bias at Ku and C bands

The electromagnetic (EM) bias e is an error present in radar altimetry of the ocean surface due to nonuniform reflection with surface displacement. The electromagnetic bias is defined as the difference in height between the mean reflecting surface and the mean sea surface. A knowledge of the electromagnetic bias is required for reducing errors in mean sea level measurements by satellite radar altimeters. Direct measurements of the EM bias at 14 GHz (Ku band) and 5 GHz (C band) were made from an oil production platform in the Gulf of Mexico over a 6-month period during 1989 and 1990. A total of 1280 hours of usable data was collected. During the experiment the significant wave height (SWH) varied from 0.6 to 3.2 m; the wind speed at 25 m above the surface varied from 0.1 to 14.3 m s−1; the Ku band bias varied from −1.0 to −13.8 cm, or from −1.6% to −5.3% of the SWH; and the C band bias varied from −0.4 to −19.9 cm, or from −0.6% to −6.3% of the SWH. The biases had mean values of −3.7% and −3.6% of SWH with standard deviations of the variability about the mean of 0.7% and 1.0% of SWH for Ku and C bands, respectively. We found a nonlinear relationship between dimensionless bias (bias/SWH) and wind speed at both low and high wind speeds. For wind speeds less than 3–4 m s−1, both biases were found to be approximately constant. For wind speeds greater than 3–4 m s−1 but less than 10 m s−1, both biases were found to increase linearly with wind speed. For wind speeds greater than 11–12 m s−1, the C band bias reaches a maximum. The Ku band bias reaches a maximum and then begins to decrease for wind speeds greater than 9–10 m s−1.