Walking and Cycling International Literature Review : Final Report

This report presents the findings from an extensive literature review aiming to help professionals and researchers in the State of Victoria understand barriers to walking and cycling as well as infrastructure and policy supports for non-motorized transportation. The research team located almost 500 articles, papers, and reports assessing walking and cycling infrastructure, policies, programs, and models. We reviewed over 300 of them—those judged to be most relevant to the questions raised by the Walking and Cycling Branch of the Department of Infrastructure and rigorous in terms of their analysis and ability to draw robust conclusions.

[1]  K. Stanilov,et al.  Site Design and Pedestrian Travel , 1999 .

[2]  A M Khan,et al.  Bicycle use of highway shoulders , 1995 .

[3]  L. Epstein,et al.  Association of access to parks and recreational facilities with the physical activity of young children. , 2006, Preventive medicine.

[4]  Anne Vernez Moudon,et al.  Attributes of Environments Supporting Walking , 2007, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[5]  K. Powell,et al.  The Effectiveness of Urban Design and Land Use and Transport Policies and Practices to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review. , 2006, Journal of physical activity & health.

[6]  John Pucher,et al.  Why Canadians cycle more than Americans: A comparative analysis of bicycling trends and policies , 2006 .

[7]  Kelly R Evenson,et al.  Statewide prevalence and correlates of walking and bicycling to school. , 2003, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[8]  Tim Ryley,et al.  Estimating Cycling Demand for the Journey to Work or Study in West Edinburgh, Scotland , 2006 .

[9]  Anne Vernez Moudon,et al.  The 3Ds + R: Quantifying Land Use and Urban Form Correlates of Walking , 2006 .

[10]  L. Andersen,et al.  Physical activity levels of children who walk, cycle, or are driven to school. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[11]  Marc Schlossberg,et al.  Active Community Environments and Health: The Relationship of Walkable and Safe Communities to Individual Health , 2006 .

[12]  J. Stutts,et al.  Study of Bicycle Lanes Versus Wide Curb Lanes , 1999 .

[13]  Paul DeMaio,et al.  WILL SMART BIKES SUCCEED AS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN THE UNITED STATES , 2004 .

[14]  Philip Bors,et al.  Reliability and Validity of Two Instruments Designed to Assess the Walking and Bicycling Suitability of Sidewalks and Roads , 2003, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[15]  A. Moudon,et al.  Effects of Site Design on Pedestrian Travel in Mixed-Use, Medium-Density Environments , 1997 .

[16]  Hannah Badland,et al.  Perceptions of replacing car journeys with non-motorized travel: exploring relationships in a cross-sectional adult population sample. , 2006, Preventive medicine.

[17]  William W. Hunter,et al.  Conversions of wide curb lanes -- The effect on bicycle and motor vehicle interactions , 2005 .

[18]  J F Sallis,et al.  Promoting physical activity in rural communities: walking trail access, use, and effects. , 2000, American journal of preventive medicine.

[19]  Andrew L Dannenberg,et al.  Assessing the Walkability of the Workplace: A New Audit Tool , 2005, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[20]  Herman F Huang,et al.  Automated Detection of Pedestrians in Conjunction with Standard Pedestrian Push Buttons at Signalized Intersections , 2000 .

[21]  Lisa Aultman-Hall,et al.  Analysis of Bicycle Commuter Routes Using Geographic Information Systems: Implications for Bicycle Planning , 1997 .

[22]  R Seethaler,et al.  Using the six principles of persuasion to promote travel behavior change: preliminary findings of a TravelSmart pilot test , 2004 .

[23]  Lars Leden,et al.  Short-term effects of countermeasures for improved safety and mobility at marked pedestrian crosswalks in Borås, Sweden. , 2007, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[24]  Chandra R. Bhat,et al.  Effect of the Built Environment on Motorized and Non-Motorized Trip Making: Substitutive, Complementary, or Synergistic? , 2007 .

[25]  Susan L Handy,et al.  Urban Form and Pedestrian Choices: Study of Austin Neighborhoods , 1996 .

[26]  Theodore Anton Petritsch,et al.  Video simulation of pedestrian crossings at signalized intersections , 2005 .

[27]  B W Landis,et al.  Bicycle system performance measures , 1996 .

[28]  Carl E Ohrn,et al.  STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING LEVELS OF WALKING AND BICYCLING FOR UTILITARIAN PURPOSES , 1980 .

[29]  Melody Oliver,et al.  An overview and process evaluation of TeleWalk: a telephone-based counseling intervention to encourage walking in older adults. , 2006, Health promotion international.

[30]  A. Bauman,et al.  Environmental and policy interventions to promote physical activity. , 1998, American journal of preventive medicine.

[31]  Hein Botma,et al.  METHOD TO DETERMINE LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR BICYCLE PATHS AND PEDESTRIAN-BICYCLE PATHS , 1995 .

[32]  P. Mokhtarian,et al.  Do changes in neighborhood characteristics lead to changes in travel behavior? A structural equations modeling approach , 2007 .

[33]  A. Bauman,et al.  Understanding environmental influences on walking; Review and research agenda. , 2004, American journal of preventive medicine.

[34]  R B Noland,et al.  Perceived risk and modal choice: risk compensation in transportation systems. , 1995, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[35]  R. Pate,et al.  Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. , 2001, Preventive medicine.

[36]  Lilah M. Besser,et al.  Walking to public transit: steps to help meet physical activity recommendations. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[37]  G S Rutherford,et al.  TRAVEL IMPACTS OF URBAN FORM: IMPLICATIONS FROM AN ANALYSIS OF TWO SEATTLE AREA TRAVEL DIARIES , 1997 .

[38]  J S Osberg,et al.  BICYCLE USE AND SAFETY IN PARIS, BOSTON, AND AMSTERDAM , 1998 .

[39]  R. Cervero,et al.  TRAVEL DEMAND AND THE 3DS: DENSITY, DIVERSITY, AND DESIGN , 1997 .

[40]  T. Schmid,et al.  Relationships among Community Characteristics and Walking and Bicycling for Transportation or Recreation , 2005, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[41]  W. Moritz Adult Bicyclists in the United States: Characteristics and Riding Experience in 1996 , 1998 .

[42]  Anne Vernez Moudon,et al.  Walking and Bicycling: An Evaluation of Environmental Audit Instruments , 2003, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[43]  Tom Baranowski,et al.  Observed environmental features and the physical activity of adolescent males. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[44]  N. Owen,et al.  Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity: a review. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[45]  P. Mokhtarian,et al.  Self-Selection in the Relationship between the Built Environment and Walking: Empirical Evidence from Northern California , 2006 .

[46]  A. Snelson,et al.  CYCLING MOTORISTS - HOW TO ENCOURAGE THEM , 1993 .

[47]  John Forester,et al.  The Bikeway Controversy , 1994 .

[48]  K. Krizek,et al.  Gender Differences in Bicycling Behavior and Facility Preferences , 2005 .

[49]  I. Vuori,et al.  Daily walking and cycling to work: their utility as health-enhancing physical activity. , 1998, Patient education and counseling.

[50]  Kevin J. Krizek,et al.  A detailed analysis of how an urban trail system affects cyclists’ travel , 2007 .

[51]  R. Kitamura,et al.  A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area , 1997 .

[52]  Caroline J Rodier,et al.  Improving California's Bay Area Rapid Transit District Connectivity and Access with Segway Human Transporter and Other Low-Speed Mobility Devices , 2005 .

[53]  A. Bauman,et al.  Proximal impact of Canada on the Move: the relationship of campaign awareness to pedometer ownership and use. , 2006, Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique.

[54]  G. B. Douglas,et al.  URBAN DESIGN, URBAN FORM, AND EMPLOYEE TRAVEL BEHAVIOR , 1997 .

[55]  Chandra R. Bhat,et al.  Modeling residential sorting effects to understand the impact of the built environment on commute mode choice , 2007 .

[56]  Lisa Aultman-Hall,et al.  CHARACTERIZING THE PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOR OF ADULT COMMUTER CYCLISTS , 1998 .

[57]  Jane C. Stutts,et al.  BICYCLE ACCIDENTS: AN EXAMINATION OF HOSPITAL EMERGENCY ROOM REPORTS AND COMPARISON WITH POLICE ACCIDENT DATA , 1988 .

[58]  A. King,et al.  Theoretical approaches to the promotion of physical activity: forging a transdisciplinary paradigm. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[59]  H Summala,et al.  Bicycle accidents and drivers' visual search at left and right turns. , 1996, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[60]  Carl J Caspersen,et al.  Active Transportation to School , 2005, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[61]  Philip Scarf,et al.  An empirical basis for route choice in cycling , 2005, Journal of sports sciences.

[62]  A. Bauman,et al.  Perceived environment attributes, residential location, and walking for particular purposes. , 2004, American journal of preventive medicine.

[63]  G. Rose,et al.  Travel behaviour change impacts of a major ride to work day event , 2007 .

[64]  Todd Litman BICYCLING AND TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT , 1994 .

[65]  H Huang,et al.  BICYCLE/PEDESTRIAN TRIP GENERATION WORKSHOP: SUMMARY , 1998 .

[66]  Piet Rietveld,et al.  The accessibility of railway stations: the role of the bicycle in The Netherlands , 2000 .

[67]  Thomas Walsh,et al.  BICYCLE STRESS LEVEL AS A TOOL TO EVALUATE URBAN AND SUBURBAN BICYCLE COMPATIBILITY , 1994 .

[68]  S. Laffrey,et al.  Promotion of physical activity in low-income mothers using pedometers. , 2007, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[69]  Mia Birk,et al.  Bridging the Gaps: How Quality and Quantity of a Connected Bikeway Network Correlates with Increasing Bicycle Use , 2006 .

[70]  Roger Hooson NATIONAL SURVEY OF METROPOLITAN BICYCLE-ON-TRAIN PROGRAMS AND A PROPOSAL FOR THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA CALTRAIN SYSTEM (ABRIDGMENT) , 1988 .

[71]  S. J. Ashton,et al.  Child pedestrian injuries , 1974 .

[72]  L. Frank,et al.  Transportation and land-use preferences and residents’ neighborhood choices: the sufficiency of compact development in the Atlanta region , 2007 .

[73]  Ralph Buehler,et al.  Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany , 2008 .

[74]  Kevin J. Krizek,et al.  What is at the end of the road? Understanding discontinuities of on-street bicycle lanes in urban settings , 2005 .

[75]  Donald W. Reinfurt,et al.  THE BICYCLE COMPATIBILITY INDEX: A LEVEL OF SERVICE CONCEPT, IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL , 1998 .

[76]  Alan Wachtel,et al.  Risk Factors for Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Collisions at Intersections * , 1994 .

[77]  Kelly R Evenson,et al.  The relationship between leisure, walking, and transportation activity with the natural environment. , 2007, Health & place.

[78]  Kevin J. Krizek,et al.  Explaining Changes in Walking and Bicycling Behavior: Challenges for Transportation Research , 2009 .

[79]  Sivaramakrishnan Srinivasan,et al.  Modeling children’s school travel mode and parental escort decisions , 2008 .

[80]  P Willett Bicycle - motor vehicle collisions , 1984 .

[81]  Liz Davis,et al.  A Pilot Intervention to Promote Walking and Wellness and to Improve the Health of College Faculty and Staff , 2007, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[82]  Lisa Aultman-Hall,et al.  Research Design Insights from a Survey of Urban Bicycle Commuters , 1998 .

[83]  K. Krizek,et al.  Proximity to Trails and Retail: Effects on Urban Cycling and Walking , 2006 .

[84]  Bruce W Landis,et al.  BICYCLE INTERACTION HAZARD SCORE: A THEORETICAL MODEL , 1994 .

[85]  Hendriek C Boshuizen,et al.  Factors of the physical environment associated with walking and bicycling. , 2004, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[86]  Ron Van Houten,et al.  Use of Animated "EYES" So That Motorists Leaving an Indoor Parking Garage Look for Pedestrians , 1999 .

[87]  Darcy M. Bullock,et al.  Travel time studies with global positioning and geographic information systems: an integrated methodology , 1998 .

[88]  I. Audirac Stated Preference for Pedestrian Proximity: An Assessment of New Urbanist Sense of Community , 1999 .

[89]  Ruth L. Steiner,et al.  RESIDENTIAL DENSITY AND TRAVEL PATTERNS: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE , 1994 .

[90]  Mark R Virkler Prediction and Measurement of Travel Time Along Pedestrian Routes , 1998 .

[91]  Carolyn S. Konheim,et al.  Effective Transit Requires Walkable Communities: Land Use Lessons of Transport Patterns in Four World Cities , 2000 .

[92]  Janet Dickinson,et al.  Travelling to work: will people move out of their cars , 2001 .

[93]  W W Hunter,et al.  AN EVALUATION OF BIKE LANES ADJACENT TO MOTOR VEHICLE PARKING , 1999 .

[94]  R Zito,et al.  Global positioning systems in the time domain: How useful a tool for intelligent vehicle-highway systems? , 1995 .

[95]  Jeffrey S. Wilson,et al.  Neighborhood Correlates of Urban Trail Use. , 2006, Journal of physical activity & health.

[96]  L. Dijkstra,et al.  Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: lessons from The Netherlands and Germany. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[97]  A. Bauman,et al.  Associations of Location and Perceived Environmental Attributes with Walking in Neighborhoods , 2004, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[98]  Christine M. Hoehner,et al.  Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical activity among urban adults. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[99]  F. Bull,et al.  Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling. , 2003, Social science & medicine.

[100]  Ross C Brownson,et al.  A multilevel ecological approach to promoting walking in rural communities. , 2005, Preventive medicine.

[101]  M. Yore,et al.  Local ordinances that promote physical activity: a survey of municipal policies. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[102]  Harry W. Richardson,et al.  BICYCLING IN THE UNITED STATES: A FRINGE MODE? , 1998 .

[103]  Paul Schimek,et al.  Extent and correlates of walking in the USA , 2007 .

[104]  A. Kriska,et al.  Objective measures of neighborhood environment and physical activity in older women. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[105]  Linda B. Dixon Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures and Standards for Congestion Management Systems , 1996 .

[106]  M. Pratt,et al.  Cost effectiveness of a bicycle/pedestrian trail development in health promotion. , 2004, Preventive medicine.

[107]  S. Carlson,et al.  Barriers to children walking to or from school--United States, 2004. , 2005, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[108]  Jane C. Stutts,et al.  A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BICYCLE LANES VERSUS WIDE CURB LANES , 1999 .

[109]  Gihon Jordan,et al.  Child Pedestrian–Car Crashes Near Schools Are a Small Percentage of Total Child Pedestrian Crashes in Philadelphia , 1998 .

[110]  Robert G Thom,et al.  LOW-COST OPPORTUNITIES FOR MAKING CITIES BICYCLE-FRIENDLY BASED ON A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF CYCLIST BEHAVIOR AND ACCIDENTS (WITH DISCUSSION AND CLOSURE) , 1992 .

[111]  V. Sisiopiku,et al.  PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIORS AT AND PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS VARIOUS PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES: AN EXAMINATION BASED ON OBSERVATION AND SURVEY DATA , 2003 .

[112]  C. Ostenson,et al.  Walking campaign: a model for developing participation in physical activity? Experiences from three campaign periods of the Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Program (SDPP). , 2001, Patient education and counseling.

[113]  Virginia P Sisiopiku,et al.  Comparison of Level-of-Service Methodologies for Pedestrian Sidewalks , 2006 .

[114]  A. Khattak,et al.  Can New Urbanism Encourage Physical Activity?: Comparing a New Urbanist Neighborhood with Conventional Suburbs , 2006 .

[115]  D. Merom,et al.  An environmental intervention to promote walking and cycling--the impact of a newly constructed Rail Trail in Western Sydney. , 2003, Preventive medicine.

[116]  Barbara E Ainsworth,et al.  Environmental measures of physical activity supports: perception versus reality. , 2003, American journal of preventive medicine.

[117]  A. Bauman,et al.  Process evaluation of the New South Wales Walk Safely to School Day. , 2005, Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals.

[118]  Robert J. Schneider,et al.  Avoiding Biased Interpretation of Bicycle Surveys: Comparing Results from Four Distribution Methods in Winston-Salem, North Carolina , 2006 .

[119]  Gary L. Gittings,et al.  Evaluation of Planning and Design Issues for Multiuse Trail and Highway Crossings , 1996 .

[120]  G. Schofield,et al.  Transport, urban design, and physical activity: an evidence-based update , 2005 .

[121]  R. Cervero The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry , 1998 .

[122]  Chris Rissel,et al.  Promoting walking with pedometers in the community: the step-by-step trial. , 2007, American journal of preventive medicine.

[123]  Susan L Handy,et al.  How the built environment affects physical activity: views from urban planning. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[124]  Amer Shalaby,et al.  Case Study: Relationship of Walk Access Distance to Transit with Service, Travel, and Personal Characteristics , 2007 .

[125]  Achilleas Kourtellis,et al.  Considering Usage and Safety Effects in Guidelines for Uncontrolled Midblock Crosswalks , 2007 .

[126]  Jacqueline Mckenna A Randomized Control Trial of New Tailored Walking Campaigns in an Employee Sample , 2000, Journal of health communication.

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[128]  Matthieu de Lapparent,et al.  Individual cyclists’ probability distributions of severe/fatal crashes in large french urban areas , 2005 .

[129]  Asha Weinstein Agrawal,et al.  How Far, by Which Route and Why? A Spatial Analysis of Pedestrian Preference , 2007 .

[130]  Ann Forsyth,et al.  Standards for Environmental Measurement Using GIS: Toward a Protocol for Protocols. , 2006, Journal of physical activity & health.

[131]  J. Sallis,et al.  The Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Eating, and Obesity in Childhood , 2006, The Future of children.

[132]  E. Maibach,et al.  Recreating Communities to Support Active Living: A New Role for Social Marketing , 2003, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[133]  W W Hunter EVALUATION OF A COMBINED BICYCLE LANE/RIGHT TURN LANE IN EUGENE, OREGON , 2000 .

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[135]  J. Zupan,et al.  Physical Activity and Use of Suburban Train Stations: An Exploratory Analysis , 2005 .

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[137]  C. Macera,et al.  Trends in Walking for Transportation in the United States, 1995 and 2001 , 2005, Preventing chronic disease.

[138]  Jorge Gil,et al.  Space Syntax: The Role of Urban Form in Cyclist Route Choice in Central London , 2007 .

[139]  Jeremy Broughton,et al.  Getting off your bike: cycling accidents in Great Britain in 1990-1999. , 2003, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[140]  Marcus Wigan TREATMENT OF WALKING AS A MODE OF TRANSPORTATION , 1995 .

[141]  Xuehao Chu,et al.  Crossing Locations, Light Conditions, and Pedestrian Injury Severity , 2006 .

[142]  Peter R. Stopher,et al.  EVALUATING VOLUNTARY TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR INTERVENTIONS , 2004 .

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[196]  Tom Baranowski,et al.  Relationships Between GIS Environmental Features and Adolescent Male Physical Activity: GIS Coding Differences. , 2006, Journal of physical activity & health.

[197]  W. Hunter,et al.  Evaluation of Blue Bike-Lane Treatment in Portland, Oregon , 2000 .

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[200]  D. Levinson,et al.  A Schematic for Focusing on Youth in Investigations of Community Design and Physical Activity , 2004, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

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[204]  Effect of Australia's Walk to Work Day Campaign on Adults' Active Commuting and Physical Activity Behavior , 2005, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

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