Spatially resolved electrical impedance methods for cell and particle characterization

Electrical impedance is an established technique used for cell and particle characterization. The temporal and spectral resolution of electrical impedance have been used to resolve basic cell characteristics like size and type, as well as to determine cell viability and activity. Such electrical impedance measurements are typically performed across the entire sample volume and can only provide an overall indication concerning the properties and state of that sample. For the study of heterogeneous structures such as cell layers, biological tissue, or polydisperse particle mixtures, an overall measured impedance value can only provide limited information and can lead to data misinterpretation. For the investigation of localized sample properties in complex heterogeneous structures/mixtures, the addition of spatial resolution to impedance measurements is necessary. Several spatially resolved impedance measurement techniques have been developed and applied to cell and particle research, including electrical impedance tomography, scanning electrochemical microscopy, and microelectrode arrays. This review provides an overview of spatially resolved impedance measurement methods and assesses their applicability for cell and particle characterization.

[1]  Sébastien Martin,et al.  A novel post-processing scheme for two-dimensional electrical impedance tomography based on artificial neural networks , 2017, PloS one.

[2]  A. Nachman,et al.  Global uniqueness for a two-dimensional inverse boundary value problem , 1996 .

[3]  S. Gawad,et al.  Micromachined impedance spectroscopy flow cytometer for cell analysis and particle sizing. , 2001, Lab on a chip.

[4]  H. Morgan,et al.  Single-colloidal particle impedance spectroscopy: complete equivalent circuit analysis of polyelectrolyte microcapsules. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[5]  Karl Kunisch,et al.  Regularization in state space , 1993 .

[6]  Andreas Neubauer,et al.  On enhanced convergence rates for Tikhonov regularization of nonlinear ill-posed problems in Banach spaces , 2009 .

[7]  Z. Ding,et al.  Interrogation of living cells using alternating current scanning electrochemical microscopy (AC-SECM). , 2007, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[8]  B D DeBusschere,et al.  Portable cell-based biosensor system using integrated CMOS cell-cartridges. , 2001, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  Junbo Wang,et al.  Microfluidic Impedance Flow Cytometry Enabling High-Throughput Single-Cell Electrical Property Characterization , 2015, International journal of molecular sciences.

[10]  David S. Holder,et al.  Imaging fast electrical activity in the brain with electrical impedance tomography , 2016, NeuroImage.

[11]  Vijay Viswam,et al.  Impedance Spectroscopy and Electrophysiological Imaging of Cells With a High-Density CMOS Microelectrode Array System , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[12]  Boris Rubinsky,et al.  In vivo imaging of irreversible electroporation by means of electrical impedance tomography , 2009, Physics in medicine and biology.

[13]  Francis Lin,et al.  DC Electric Fields Direct Breast Cancer Cell Migration, Induce EGFR Polarization, and Increase the Intracellular Level of Calcium Ions , 2013, Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics.

[14]  R. Milo,et al.  SnapShot: Timescales in Cell Biology , 2016, Cell.

[15]  G. Denuault,et al.  SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY (SECM) : AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TIP GEOMETRY ON AMPEROMETRIC TIP RESPONSE , 1998 .

[16]  Vijay Viswam,et al.  In Vitro Multi-Functional Microelectrode Array Featuring 59 760 Electrodes, 2048 Electrophysiology Channels, Stimulation, Impedance Measurement, and Neurotransmitter Detection Channels , 2017, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[17]  M. D. Rooij,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 2003 .

[18]  J. Randles.  Kinetics of rapid electrode reactions , 1947 .

[19]  A Korjenevsky,et al.  A 3D electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for breast cancer detection. , 2001, Physiological measurement.

[20]  Boris Rubinsky,et al.  Electrical impedance tomography of cell viability in tissue with application to cryosurgery. , 2004, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[21]  P. Diakowski,et al.  Surface analysis of materials in aqueous solution by localized alternating current impedance measurements. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  A. Ramanavičius,et al.  Redox-probe-free scanning electrochemical microscopy combined with fast Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. , 2019, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[23]  Lea Fleischer,et al.  Regularization of Inverse Problems , 1996 .

[24]  Jaromir Konecny,et al.  Image Reconstruction for Electrical Impedance Tomography: Experimental Comparison of Radial Basis Neural Network and Gauss – Newton Method , 2018 .

[25]  Mark P. Styczynski,et al.  A Multi-Modality CMOS Sensor Array for Cell-Based Assay and Drug Screening , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[26]  Jiabin Jia,et al.  A Micro EIT Sensor for Real-Time and Non-Destructive 3-D Cultivated Cell Imaging , 2018, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[27]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  High resolution constant-distance mode alternating current scanning electrochemical microscopy (AC-SECM) , 2004 .

[28]  Lei Cheng,et al.  Intermittent Contact Alternating Current Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Method for Mapping Conductivities in Solid Li Ion Conducting Electrolyte Samples , 2016, Front. Energy Res..

[29]  P. Garris,et al.  Scanning electrochemical microscopy of model neurons: constant distance imaging. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  Stewart Smith,et al.  A Miniature Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensor and 3-D Image Reconstruction for Cell Imaging , 2017, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[31]  Ulrich Egert,et al.  Biological application of microelectrode arrays in drug discovery and basic research , 2003, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[32]  G. Loeb,et al.  A miniature microelectrode array to monitor the bioelectric activity of cultured cells. , 1972, Experimental cell research.

[33]  Philippe Renaud,et al.  Cell Culture Imaging Using Microimpedance Tomography , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[34]  Clifford D. Ferris,et al.  Four‐Electrode Null Techniques for Impedance Measurement with High Resolution , 1968 .

[35]  A. Heller,et al.  Scanning electrochemical microscopy. 24. Enzyme ultramicroelectrodes for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide at surfaces. , 1993, Analytical chemistry.

[36]  Thomas Braschler,et al.  Two-dimensional impedance imaging of cell migration and epithelial stratification. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[37]  Hywel Morgan,et al.  Single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometry: a review , 2010 .

[38]  J. Sylvester,et al.  A global uniqueness theorem for an inverse boundary value problem , 1987 .

[39]  Venkatratnam Chitturi,et al.  Spatial resolution in electrical impedance tomography: A topical review , 2017 .

[40]  Xiaoou Tang,et al.  Learning a Deep Convolutional Network for Image Super-Resolution , 2014, ECCV.

[41]  A. Hierlemann,et al.  CMOS microelectrode array for the monitoring of electrogenic cells. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[42]  Masahiro Takei,et al.  Application of Process Tomography to Multiphase Flow Measurement in Industrial and Biomedical Fields: A Review , 2017, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[43]  K. Zauner,et al.  On-chip electrical impedance tomography for imaging biological cells. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[44]  Boris Rubinsky,et al.  Electrical impedance tomographic imaging of a single cell electroporation , 2014, Biomedical microdevices.

[45]  D. Schmitt-Landsiedel,et al.  A 128 /spl times/ 128 CMOS bio-sensor array for extracellular recording of neural activity , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2003. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC..

[46]  Alberto Diaspro,et al.  Three‐dimensional imaging technologies: a priority for the advancement of tissue engineering and a challenge for the imaging community , 2017, Journal of biophotonics.

[47]  Mu-ming Poo,et al.  Electrical Activity Modulates Growth Cone Guidance by Diffusible Factors , 2001, Neuron.

[48]  Liliana Borcea,et al.  Electrical impedance tomography , 2002 .

[49]  Hao Yu,et al.  CMOS high density electrical impedance biosensor array for tumor cell detection , 2012 .

[50]  E. Franco-Lara,et al.  Viability and membrane potential analysis of Bacillus megaterium cells by impedance flow cytometry , 2012, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[51]  Andreas Hierlemann,et al.  Growing Cells Atop Microelectronic Chips: Interfacing Electrogenic Cells In Vitro With CMOS-Based Microelectrode Arrays , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[52]  Long Chen.  FINITE ELEMENT METHOD , 2013 .

[53]  Matti Lassas,et al.  REGULARIZED D-BAR METHOD FOR THE INVERSE CONDUCTIVITY PROBLEM , 2009 .

[54]  Samuli Siltanen,et al.  Linear and Nonlinear Inverse Problems with Practical Applications , 2012, Computational science and engineering.

[55]  A. Bard,et al.  Scanning electrochemical microscopy. Apparatus and two-dimensional scans of conductive and insulating substrates , 1989 .

[56]  K. Kihm,et al.  Opto-Electric Cellular Biosensor Using Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Electrodes , 2008, Sensors.

[57]  Luke P. Lee,et al.  Sample concentration and impedance detection on a microfluidic polymer chip , 2008, Biomedical microdevices.

[58]  H P Schwan,et al.  ELECTRODE POLARIZATION IMPEDANCE AND MEASUREMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS * , 1968, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[59]  A. Bard,et al.  Scanning electrochemical microscopy. , 2001, Annual review of analytical chemistry.

[60]  T. Lee,et al.  A Programmable 0.18-$\mu\hbox{m}$ CMOS Electrochemical Sensor Microarray for Biomolecular Detection , 2006, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[61]  X. Nóvoa,et al.  Alternating-current measurements in scanning electrochemical microscopy, part 1: principle and theory. , 2011, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[62]  Yong Duan,et al.  A review of impedance measurements of whole cells. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[63]  B. Rubinsky,et al.  Electrical Impedance Tomography of Electrolysis , 2015, PloS one.

[64]  Wei Wang,et al.  A comparison of methods for measurement of spatial resolution in two-dimensional circular EIT images. , 2002, Physiological measurement.

[65]  Christopher L. Davey,et al.  The dielectric properties of biological cells at radiofrequencies : Applications in biotechnology , 1999 .

[66]  Vijay Viswam,et al.  A 1024-Channel CMOS Microelectrode Array With 26,400 Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation of Electrogenic Cells In Vitro , 2014, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[67]  A. Bard,et al.  Scanning electrochemical microscopy. Introduction and principles , 1989 .

[68]  K. Gokoffski,et al.  Physiologic Electrical Fields Direct Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Growth In Vitro , 2019, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[69]  Andreas Hauptmann,et al.  Beltrami-net: domain-independent deep D-bar learning for absolute imaging with electrical impedance tomography (a-EIT) , 2018, Physiological measurement.

[70]  S. O. Nelson,et al.  Low-frequency dielectric properties of biological tissues : A review with some new insights , 1998 .

[71]  M. Koudelka-Hep,et al.  Localised electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with high lateral resolution by means of alternating current scanning electrochemical microscopy , 2002 .

[72]  I. Rubinstein,et al.  Physical electrochemistry : principles, methods, and applications , 1995 .

[73]  David S. Holder,et al.  Electrical Impedance Tomography : Methods, History and Applications , 2004 .

[74]  D. Wipf,et al.  Impedance feedback control for scanning electrochemical microscopy. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[75]  Jiabin Jia,et al.  Exploring the Potential of Electrical Impedance Tomography for Tissue Engineering Applications , 2018, Materials.

[76]  Guy Denuault,et al.  Scanning electrochemical microscopy - a new technique for the characterization and modification of surfaces , 1990 .

[77]  S. J. Hamilton,et al.  Deep D-Bar: Real-Time Electrical Impedance Tomography Imaging With Deep Neural Networks , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[78]  Andreas Hierlemann,et al.  Switch-Matrix-Based High-Density Microelectrode Array in CMOS Technology , 2010, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[79]  Andy Adler,et al.  A neural network image reconstruction technique for electrical impedance tomography , 1994, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging.

[80]  Qi Wang,et al.  An image reconstruction framework based on deep neural network for electrical impedance tomography , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP).

[81]  H. Schwan,et al.  The Practical Success of Impedance Techniques from an Historical Perspective , 1999 .

[82]  Model of Magnetic Anisotropy of Non-Oriented Steel Sheets for Finite-Element Method , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[83]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Alternating current techniques in scanning electrochemical microscopy (AC-SECM). , 2008, The Analyst.

[84]  Qingming Luo,et al.  Prospective Respiration-Gated Photoacoustic Microscopy , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[85]  M. Rincón,et al.  Low-voltage anodized TiO2 nanostructures studied by alternate current electrochemical microscopy and photoelectrochemical measurements , 2012, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry.

[86]  Kenneth L. Shepard,et al.  Integrated circuit-based electrochemical sensor for spatially resolved detection of redox-active metabolites in biofilms , 2014, Nature Communications.

[87]  Thomas Musch,et al.  Fast and Precise Soft-Field Electromagnetic Tomography Systems for Multiphase Flow Imaging , 2018 .

[88]  Masahiro Takei,et al.  Image Reconstruction Based on Convolutional Neural Network for Electrical Resistance Tomography , 2019, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[89]  R. Kohn,et al.  Determining conductivity by boundary measurements II. Interior results , 1985 .

[90]  Paulo A. Garcia,et al.  Microfluidic Screening of Electric Fields for Electroporation , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[91]  Arjang Hassibi,et al.  A CMOS Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Biosensor Array , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[92]  Masayoshi Esashi,et al.  Advanced LSI-based amperometric sensor array with light-shielding structure for effective removal of photocurrent and mode selectable function for individual operation of 400 electrodes. , 2015, Lab on a chip.

[93]  Jennifer L. Mueller,et al.  Effect of Domain Shape Modeling and Measurement Errors on the 2-D D-Bar Method for EIT , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[94]  Hugh McCann,et al.  Electrode configurations for improved spatial resolution in electrical impedance tomography , 2002 .

[95]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Biological imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy , 2018, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[96]  P. Davies,et al.  Clinical Scenarios of the Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography in Paediatric Intensive Care , 2019, Scientific Reports.

[97]  Yuri Feldman,et al.  Electrode polarization correction in time domain dielectric spectroscopy , 2001 .

[98]  Ken Primrose,et al.  Super-sensing technology: industrial applications and future challenges of electrical tomography , 2016, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[99]  M. Fiscella,et al.  The potential of microelectrode arrays and microelectronics for biomedical research and diagnostics , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[100]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  A new AC-SECM mode: On the way to high-resolution local impedance measurements in SECM , 2011 .

[101]  Brian A. Mazzeo,et al.  Two- and four-electrode, wide-bandwidth, dielectric spectrometer for conductive liquids: Theory, limitations, and experiment , 2007 .

[102]  Jue Wang,et al.  Design and preliminary evaluation of a portable device for the measurement of bioimpedance spectroscopy , 2006, Physiological measurement.